러시아의 미래전 대비 전략: 네트워크 중심전과 시사점
Russia’s Future War Strategy:Network Centric Warfare and its Implications
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1998년 미국에서 ‘네트워크 중심전(Network Centric Warfare, NCW)’ 개념이 처음으로 제시된 이후 세계의 군사강대국들에서 이 개념을 도입하여 국방현대화 및 미래전략의 일환으로 적용하려는 노력을 하고 있는 가운데 러시아도 적극적으로 이를 실천하려는 움직임을 보여 왔다. 러시아는 2000년대 초반 NCW 개념을 도입하여 연구에 매진하였고, 2008년 러시아-조지아 전쟁 종결 이후 본격화된 국방개혁의 기조와 궤를 같이 하면서 NCW를 확대 적용해왔다. 특히 러시아는 조지아와의 전쟁 기간 동안 NCW를 뒷받침하는 중요 요소로 정보전(information warfare)을 중시하여 사이버전(Cyber Warfare)의 영역을 확장하는 등 ‘비접촉전쟁(non-contact war)’의 새로운 측면을 발전시켰다. 2014년 러시아의 크림합병과 뒤이은 우크라이나에서의 러시아의 개입 과정은 NCW를 실전에 적용하여 성공적으로 상대를 무력화시킨 결정적인 사례가 되었다. 러시아가 NCW 확립을 위해 취한 정책은 국가방위통제센터(National Defense Control Center)의 설립과 운영, 선전과 역정보의 확산을 통한 정보전의 실행, 시리아에서의 NCW 실험, ‘색깔혁명’과 NCW 등, 크게 네 가지 측면에서 살펴볼 수 있다. 러시아의 NCW 도입과 적용 과정은 시리아에서의 실험을 통해 성공적이라는 평가를 스스로 내리고 있으며, 이 과정에서 서방 군사전문가들의 예상을 뛰어넘는 성과를 거둔 것으로 보인다. 그 결과 네트워크 중심전은 아직 전면적으로 활성화되지 않았고, 여러 가지 한계가 있음에도 불구하고 러시아에서 미래전략의 일환으로 구사할 가능성이 높아졌기에, 이 개념을 전방위적으로 확산시키려는 노력이 이어질 것으로 전망된다.
Abstract
Military great powers in world has been introduced and applied the concept, “Network-Centric Warfare (NCW), since U.S. had suggested the term for the first time in 1998. Russia also used the term NCW(Сетецентрическая война), and examines such concepts among Russian military theorists and senior defense officials, arguing that the time scale involved in completing this revolutionary transition will range between ten to twenty years. The Russian military and security service has systematically prepared itself for war in information, especially in cyberspace by experimenting with complementary operational cyber scenarios since 2007. Crimea represented the pinnacle of information warfare. The four aspects of the Russia’s policies for the construction of NCW in practice are like these; establishment of the National Defense Control Center, Information warfare, experiment of NCW in Syria, and ‘Color Revolutions’ and NCW. Some aspects of experimental components in Russian military operations in Syria reflect on the relative success of the intervention in Syria. Uniting themes in such observation are conceptual approaches of applying well-known Russian military theory such as reflexive control or testing the advances in adopting NCW capability. Nevertheless the limits of practising the concept NCW in Russia, as the reform struggles to overcome its many hurdles, in essence this represents the underlying subtext, and its success lies predominantly in Russian hands.
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