미국의 대북한 군사개입 억제에 작용한 소련․중국 요인: 푸에블로호 사건과 8․18 사건을 중심으로
USS Pueblo and Demilitarized Zone Incidents Revisited: The Soviet and Chinese Factors that Constrained US Military Intervention against North Korea
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초록
냉전기부터 현재에 이르기까지 북미 간에는 군사적 갈등상황이 지속되어 왔음에도 불구하고 미국은 한국전쟁 이후 북한에 대해 한 번도 군사개입을 단행하지 않았다. 본 연구는 푸에블로호 사건과 8․18 사건을 중심으로 미국의 대북한 군사개입 억제에 작용한 소련․중국 요인을 분석하고자 하였다. 북한의 소련․중국과의 동맹관계와 미국의 소련․중국과의 전쟁가능성과 같은 요인으로 인해 미국은 푸에블로호 사건과 8․18 사건 당시 북한에 대한 군사개입을 억제하게 되었다. 첫째, 미국은 북한의 동맹국인 소련과 중국을 군사적 위협세력으로 인식했기 때문에 미국의 정책결정자들은 대북한 군사개입의 효과에 대한 의지와 확신이 없었다. 둘째, 당시 북한에 대한 미국의 군사개입은 소련과 중국이 개입하게 되면 장기전으로 확대되었을 가능성이 컸다. 셋째, 미국의 대북한 군사개입은 북한의 보복공격과 소련․중국의 개입으로 인해 대규모 전쟁으로 확대될 위험성이 컸다. 결국 두 사건에 대한 미국의 대응방식으로서 대북한 군사개입은 최선의 선택이 될 수 없었으며, 미국은 제한적 무력시위라는 차선을 선택하게 된 것이다. 냉전의 절정이었던 1960-70년대에 작용했던 소련과 중국 요인들은 현재에도 미국의 대북한 군사개입억제에 유사하게 작용하고 있다.
Abstract
Although there has been much military friction between North Korea and U.S. from the Cold War to the present, the U.S. has never taken military action against North Korea since the Korean War. This study attempts to analyse the Soviet and Chinese factors which may have deterred U.S. military intervention against North Korea, focusing on the Pueblo and DMZ Incidents. The factors such as the North Korea’s alliance with the Soviet Union and China, and the U.S. concern of possible war with the Soviet Union and China deterred the U.S. from retaliating after the Pueblo and DMZ Incidents of the 1960s and 1970s. First, the U.S. political leaders did not have strong confidence in the effects of its military action against North Korea since they perceived the Soviet Union and China as dangerous military elements. Second, the U.S. military action against North Korea had the possibility of escalation into long war if the Soviet Union and/or China interceded. Third, U.S. military intervention against North Korea risked an all-out war if North Korea made retaliatory counterattack, and the Soviet Union and/or China intervened. For the U.S., military intervention against North Korea as a response to either of the two incidents was not perceived as an optimal choice. Therefore, the U.S. chose the second best response, a limited show of military force. The deterrent factors that appeared at the peak of the Cold War in the 1960s and 1970s still have implications for recent crises on the Korean peninsula. It can be said that the past deterrent factors are still in effect.
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