프랑스의 난민정책: EU 공동난민정책의 영향을 중심으로
French Asylum Policy focused on the impact of EU Common Asylum Policy
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본고는 프랑스의 난민정책과 EU 난민정책과의 상관관계를 통해서 프랑스 난민정책의 변화 방향을 살펴보는데 그 목적이 있다. 먼저 프랑스가 2015년 7월 난민권 개정을 채택한 배경에 EU의 난민처우 기준에 부합하려는 움직임이 있음을 살펴봄으로써 EU의 공동난민처우 기준이 프랑스의 난민 신청자의 열악한 조건 개선에 영향을 줬음을 살펴본다. 하지만 프랑스가 EU 국가중 재입국협정(Readmission Agreement)을 가장 많이 맺은 나라면서 ‘안전한 제3국(Safe Third Country)’ 목록에 가장 많은 나라를 포함하고 있다는 것은 프랑스가 EU의 공동 난민 정책이 허용하는 외부로의 책임전가 방식에 영향을 받았음을 고찰하였다. 프랑스는 난민정책을 EU 차원과 공동으로 조율해 나가기 위해 EU 차원으로 부분적인 권한을 이양(shifting up)하였는데 이는 난민에 대한 책임소재를 외부로 전가할 수 있는 방식(shifting out)을 적극 활용할 수 있는 계기가 되었다. EU 공동난민정책의 운영 구조는 프랑스에 영향을 미쳐 외부로 책임을 전가할 수 있는 방식인 ‘안전한 제3국’과 재입국협정을 적극적으로 활용할 수 있는 명분을 제공하였다. 특히 EU 공동난민정책의 기본축인 더블린 협정(Dublin Convention)의 구조적 문제점에서 비롯된 책임전가 방식이 ‘안전한 제3국’과 재입국협정을 통해서 재생산되어 프랑스의 난민 보호위기를 더 심화시켰다.
Abstract
This paper seeks to explore changes of French asylum policy referring to correlations between French and the EU’s asylum policy. The paper starts with the backgrounds explaining the EU Common Asylum that have favored the reform of French asylum system which is focused on harmonising common minimum standards for asylum. In July 2015, France adopted Asylum reform law in order to coincide with standards proposed from the EU side. Such adoption exerted influence on the improvement of the problematic settings that French asylum applicants have long faced. Also, this paper sheds new light on French restrictive asylum policy focused on the Safe third country and readmission Agreement. France turns out to be the country where Readmission Agreement and the Safe Third Country policy are used the most. By shifting upwards the asylum policy issue to the EU level, France was able to uphold justification, which would be applied in shifting out corresponding responsibilities outside. Through devises such as Safe third Country and Readmission Agreement which has been recognized through the Dublin System. both EU and France has managed to control the flux of refugee by shifting outwards its responsibility to grant international protection to the refugee. Finally, the paper points out the vulnerability of protecting asylums in France which is stemming from the structural problems of the Dublin Convention – a matter of shifting responsibilities. Such problems are continuously reproduced when linking Readmission with the Safe Third Country, which is locked in a vicious circle of poor asylum protection, particularly in France.
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