TBT 협정상 라벨링 제도에 관한 연구- 수산물 라벨링을 중심으로 -
Some Legal Questions regarding the Labellingunder TBT Agreement- With a Focus on the Labelling for Fisheries -
0
조회
0
다운로드
4
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
TBT 협정은 자유 무역과 공정 무역 증진이라는 WTO 체제의 목적을 추구함과 동시에, 경제적, 비경제적 목적에서 수입국이 일정한 라벨링 조치를 부과할 수 있는 권한도 인정하고 있다. 본 글에서는 이들 간의 균형 유지에 있어서 제기될 수 있는 TBT 협정 규정의 해석과 적용상 문제들을 수산물 라벨링 제도를 중심으로 살펴본다. 우선 본 글은 수산 라벨링의 역외관할 문제와 상품의 특성과 관련이 없는 공정 및 생산방법 문제가 GATT에서와 마찬가지로 TBT 협정에서도 여전히 미해결인 상태로 남아있음에 주목한다. 패널과 상소기관은 이들 문제를 다루지 않은 채, 다른 근거에 기초하여 수산물 라벨링에 관한 판정을 내렸다. 이는 1) WTO 협정 외의 다른 국제공법 규범을 검토해야 하는 수고를 굳이 하지 않으려는 입장, 2) 문구 해석에 치중하여 TBT 협정에 명시적으로 규정되지 않은 사항을 판단하는 것을 자제하려는 입장 때문이라고 짐작해볼 수 있겠다. 하지만 수산물 라벨링이 갖는 특성상 이들 문제를 계속 등한시해서는 안 될 것이다. 패널과 상소기관의 비 WTO 규범 이용에 대한 소극적인 태도를 변경하는 것이 필요한 대목이다. 한편 TBT 협정 부속서 1.1의 기술규정 개념은 유연하게, 협정 2.4조의 국제 표준은 엄격하게 해석되고 있다. 수산물 라벨링 규제시 발생하는 문제는 바로 이와 같은 해석 방식이 TBT 협정의 목적상, 그리고 적용상 적절하지 않다는 점에 기인한다. 기술규정은 표준과 구별해야 할 필요가 있으나, 광의의 기술규정 개념으로 인하여 이들 두 개념의 판단 기준이 모호해졌다. 반면 국제 표준에 관한 협의의 개념 정의는 수산관련 기구, 기관, 협정이 채택한 라벨링 조치를 국제 표준에서 제외시키는 결과를 가져온다. 이러한 상황은 국제 표준 사용 촉진이라는 TBT 협정의 목적 달성을 어렵게 만들 수 있다. 이와 같은 기술규정, 국제 표준 개념 정의 및 해석상의 문제를 개선하기 위해서는 TBT 위원회의 역할이 무엇보다 중요하고 생각된다.
Abstract
TBT Agreement pursues free trade and fair trade, both of which are goals of WTO system and, at the same time, it acknowledges the right of the importing States to impose labelling measures on an economical and a non-economical purpose. This paper examines to what extent TBT Agreement keeps the balance between the multilateralism and the unilateralism by considering problems which could arise in the interpretation and the application of the provisions of TBT Agreement regarding the labelling for fisheries. First of all, this paper sets a focus on the situation that the issue regarding the extraterritoriality of the labelling for fisheries and the issue regarding the non-product-related processes and production methods still remain unsolved in TBT Agreement as in GATT 1994. The panel and the appellate body ruled based on other basis, without dealing with these issues. This ruling seems to show that the panel and the appellate body did not want to examine other rules of public international law than WTO agreements. This passive position can also be explained by the fact that the panel and the appellate body tend to put emphasis on the textual interpretation while abstaining from dealing with issues which are not explicitly provided for under TBT Agreement. However, they should not ignore these issues that constitute cores of problems resulting from the regulation of labelling measures for fisheries. In this regard, it is necessary for the panel and the appellate body to change their conservative attitude toward non-WTO norms. Meanwhile, the definition of the “technical regulation” in Annex 1.1 of TBT Agreement is interpreted with flexibility but the “international standard” in Article 2.4 of the Agreement is interpreted with rigidity. The problem caused by regulation on the labelling for fisheries originates from the fact that these interpretations do not fit to the objective and the application of TBT Agreement. There is a need to distinguish the technical regulation from the standard but its distinction became blurred due to a broad concept of the technical regulation. On contrary, a narrow definition of the international standard makes the labelling measure which is adopted by regional organizations, bodies or agreements for fisheries to be excluded from the international standard. This situation could make it hard to reach to the encouragement for the usage of the international standard which is a goal of TBT Agreement. Therefore, the role of the TBT Committee is important in the resolution of these problems in the definition and interpretation of the technical regulation and the international standard.
참고문헌 (41)
- 한국국제경제법학회, "신국제경제법", pp.811~ (2012), 박영사
- 김민정, "<미국-멕시코 참치분쟁 II>에 대한 WTO판결 분석", 국제경제법연구, 10(2), pp.117~166 (2012), 한국국제경제법학회
- 김민정, "TBT협정의 해석과 적용에 따른 법적 쟁점 및 발전과제", 통상법률, (111), pp.63~88 (2013), 법무부
- 김현정, "수산자원보호를 위한 다자무역규제조치와 GATT 1994의 관계에 대한 고찰", 국제법평론, (36), pp.111~140 (2012), 국제법평론회
- 이로리, "탄소라벨링에 대한 통상법적 검토", 통상법률, (100), pp.73~98 (2011), 법무부
- 이소영, "기후변화 대응을 위한 탄소라벨링과 WTO규범에 의한 규율가능성", 국제법학회논총, 56(4), pp.167~193 (2011), 대한국제법학회
- 최승환, "WTO 체제상의 환경보호와 통상규제", 국제법평론, (4), pp.69~100 (1995), 국제법평론회
- 홍영기, "WTODDA 非關稅障壁(NTB)協商과 國際標準 調和問題", 통상법률, (94)통권 : 100, pp.70~97 (2010), 법무부
- A. Lindroos, "Dispelling the Chimera of ‘Self-Contained Regimes’ International Law and the WTO", EJIL, 16, pp.857~ (2006)
- E. Trujillo, "The WTO Appellate Body Knocks Down U.S. “Dolphin-Safe” Tuna Labels But Leaves a Crack for PPMs", ASIL Insights, 16 (2012)
- G. Shaffer, "International Decisions - United States – Measures concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products", AJIL, 107, pp.192~ (2013)
- H.J. Kim, "The Return to a Mare Clausum Through Regional Fisheries Management Organizations?", Ocean Development & International Law, 44, pp.205~ (2013)
- I. Brownlie, "Principles of Public International Law", pp.78~ (2008), Oxford University Press
- J. Combacau, "Droit international public", pp.818~ (2008), Montchrestien
- Best Practice Study of Fish Catch Documentation Schemes, "MRAG Asia Pacific", MRAG Asia Pacific, 94~ (2010)
- L. Bartels, "Article XX of GATT and the Problem of Extraterritorial Jurisdiction: The Case of Trade Measures for the Protection of Human Rights", Journal of World Trade, 36, pp.353~ (2002)
- "Extraterritoriality"[URL]
- P. Lamy, "The Place of the WTO and its Law in the International Legal Order", EJIL, 17, pp.969~ (2006)
- P. Van de Bossche, "The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization: Text, Cases and Materials", pp.917~ (2008), Cambridge University Press
- R. Howse, "The Product", Process Distinction - An Illusory Basis for Disciplining ‘Unilateralism’ in Trade Policy, 2000, pp.11, 249~289
- S. Zleptnig, "Non-Economic Objectives in WTO Law", pp.421~ (2010), Martinus Nijhoff
- "Like Products"[URL]
- "Eco-Labelling"[URL]
- "TBT 종합정보허브"[URL]
- "TBT Information Management System"[URL]
- "WTO Chronological list of disputes cases"[URL]
- WTO Report of the Appellate Body, United States — Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, "WTO", ~, pp.WT (1996), DS2[DOI]
- WTO Report of the Panel, United States - Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, "WTO", ~, pp.WT (1998), DS58[DOI]
- WTO Report of the Appellate Body, United States - Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, "WTO", ~, pp.WT (1998), DS58[DOI]
- WTO Report of the Appellate Body, European Communities – Measures affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-containing Products, "WTO", ~, pp.WT (2001), DS135[DOI]
- WTO Report of the Panel, European Communities – Trade Description of Sardines, "WTO", ~, pp.WT (2002), DS231[DOI]
- WTO Report of the Appellate Body, European Communities – Trade Description of Sardines, "WTO", ~, pp.WT (2002), DS231[DOI]
- WTO Report of the Panel, United States – Measures concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products, "WTO", ~, pp.WT (2011), DS381[DOI]
- WTO Report of the Appellate Body, United States – Measures concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products, "WTO", ~, pp.WT (2012), DS381[DOI]
- GATT Report of the Panel, United States-Restrictions on Imports of Tuna, "GATT", ~, pp.DS21 (1991), R
- GATT Report of the Panel, United States-Restrictions on Imports of Tuna(no. 2), "GATT", ~, pp.DS29, R
- Permanent Court of International Justice, "The Case of the S.S. “Lotus”, Collection of Judgments, Series A. No. 10", ~ (1927)
- Committee on Trade and Environment and Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade, "Negotiating History of the Coverage of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade with Regard to Labelling Requirements, Voluntary Standards, and Processes and Production Methods Unrelated to Product Characteristics", WT, W, pp.10, G, TBT[DOI]
- Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade, "Decision of the Committee on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations with Relation to Articles 2, 5 and Annex 3 of the Agreement", G, 9 (13 November 2000, para. 20 and Annex 4), pp.2000, ~
- Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade, "Decisions and Recommendations adopted by the WTO Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade since 1 January 1995", G, 1, pp.Rev.10 (9 June 2011), 2011[DOI]