외로움-이차공통요인 척도의 개발과 타당화
Development And Validation Of Loneliness, Second-Order Common Factor (L-SOCF) Scale
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본 논문은 외로움이 네 가지의 이론적 관점들을 일차요인으로 포괄하는 이차공통요인(second-order common factor) 개념이라는 가정에 기초하여 ‘외로움-이차공통요인 척도’를 개발하고 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증한 것이다. 외로움에 대한 사회심리학적 관점의 개인 간 외로움(소원감), 실존주의 심리학적 관점의 실존적 외로움(고립감), 현상학적 관점의 개인 내 외로움(위축된 사교성), 그리고 긍정심리학적 관점의 외로움 예방 및 치유 요인(자기가치감)을 포괄하는 40문항으로 구성된 척도는 18세부터 75세까지의 성인 1,170명(문항개발 절차 550명, 척도타당화 절차 620명)을 대상으로 탐색적, 확인적 요인분석을 통해 이차공통요인 구조가 명확히 검증되었고, 높은 신뢰도와 준거타당도, 구성개념타당도, 공인(동시)타당도, 변별타당도를 가지는 것이 확인되었다. 본 연구에서 개발된 척도는 넓은 연령범위의 성인이 경험하는 다양한 유형의 외로움을 측정하므로, 외로움 및 사회적 고립감의 일반적인 실태에 대한 기초자료를 제공하는 도구로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.
Abstract
The present paper is to report the development and validation of a loneliness scale that is based on a second-order common factor model assuming first-order factors incorporating four different theoretical perspectives toward loneliness. The scale consists of 40 items to measure the sense of estrangement (interpersonal loneliness), reduced sociability (intrapersonal loneliness), the sense of isolation (existential loneliness), and the sense of self-worth as a known preventive and alleviating factor. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses involving 1,170 respondents between the ages of 18 and 75 clearly showed a second-order common factor structure consisting of four primary factors. The reliability of the scale was found acceptable with internal consistency coefficients () ranged between .881 and .962. Criterion validity, concurrent validity, discriminant validity, and construct validity were all confirmed as expected. Since the loneliness scale developed in this study measures various types of loneliness experienced by adults in a wide age range, it is expected that it can be used as a tool to provide basic data on the general reality of loneliness and social isolation experienced by people in the society.
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