쌍쓰끄리땀 문법의 서술, 구조적 쟁점들에 대하여
Issues in Paradigm Choice of Grammatical Description in Modern Sanskrit Grammar Books
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쌍쓰끄리땀 문법책을 학습이나 연구의 자료로 사용하는 맥락에서 현대적인 역사비교언어학적 입장을 견지한 서술은 객관적 서술을 담고 있을 것이라는 막연한 확신을 가진 독자들이 주목해야 할 몇 가지 구조적인 문제들을 밝히고자 하는 것이 본 논문의 목적이다. 쌍쓰끄리땀 문법서술 체계가 안고 있는 구조적인 문제들은 주로 인도문법전통과 역사비교언어학적 서술체계 사이의 선택의 문제로 드러난다. 국지적인 용어선택의 문제로 비추어지는 결정조차 종종 이 두 문법서술의 틀 사이에서 어느 한 쪽을 선택하는 결과로 이어진다. 그 구체적인 예로 쌍쓰끄리땀의 모음층위를 어떻게 상정하고 서술하는지가 쌍쓰끄리땀의 형태론 서술의 전체 틀을 결정하는 문제와 연관된다는 사실을 밝힌다. 이 맥락 안에서 현재 널리 사용되는 문법책 저자들이 취하는 태도의 발생사를 밝히는 논의를 제공하고, 나아가 이러한 맥락이 결국은 인도문법전통과의 결별을 주장하는 극단적인 입장이 갖는 문제들과 연관된다는 점을 지적한다. 그리고 쌍쓰끄리땀이라는 대상언어 자체가 인도문법전통을 구축한 주체들에 의해 계급적인 지향성을 가지고 구축된 언어의 한 형태라는 사실을 명확하게 밝혀서, 단순한 자율언어학적인 접근을 넘어서는 사회언어학적인 맥락을 파악하지 않는 한 쌍쓰끄리땀 문법서술의 구체적 맥락이 왜곡될 수밖에 없다는 사실을 밝힌다. 이를 통해 쌍쓰끄리땀 문법책들의 구조적 한계와 역사적 맥락이 분명하게 드러나게 된다.
Abstract
Some Sanskrit grammar books are widely used for educational and research purposes by scholars specialized in Indian Studies, generally without any critical awareness of their limitations. The present paper will point out some inevitable structural problems found in modern grammar books of the Sanskrit language. These problems are normally exposed by the grammarian’s decision on how to set the frame of his grammar in relation to the Indian grammatical tradition. Even minor adoption of specific terms would be, more often than not, directly be relevant to the choice of a certain paradigm in grammatical descriptions. In the example of vowel gradation of Sanskrit, the tension between the paradigms of historical comparative linguistics and indigenous Indian grammatical traditions is clearly demonstrated. In this context, some representative attitudes of modern authors of Sanskrit grammar books are reviewed and contextualized in their historical development. Furthermore, some delicate points will be discussed in this paper about why the paradigm of Indian grammatical traditions, especially the system of Pāṇini itself, could not be discarded entirely. Not only the fact that the descriptive grammar of Pāṇini has afterwards functioned as the normative grammar to the language, but also the fact that the elegant colloquial form of the language (bhāṣā) of the educated (śiṣṭa) members of priest class during Pāṇini’s time was abstracted and established as the language, later known “Sanskrit”, should be considered in this historical context. In this process the sociolinguistic orientation of the grammarian(s) played a deciding role. In that every grammatical description of Sanskrit cannot be fully grasped without an understanding of class orientation of the grammarian(s) at that time, the critical awareness toward the objectivity of autonomous linguistic approach seems to be necessary.
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