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『보이지 않는 인간』과 『빌러비드』 : 흑인 남성들과 백인 후원자들 다시 읽기

Re-examining the Black Men and the White Patrons in Invisible Man and Beloved

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The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man and Toni Morrison's Beloved in terms of the representation of the indomitable black men and the white male patrons in order to reexamine the black and white relationship. By paying attention to the minor characters rather than the protagonists of the two novels, this paper first deals with the black male characters such as Brother Tarp and Brother Tod Clifton in Invisible Man and Paul D and Sixo in Beloved. Next, concerning the white patrons who help black people, I compare and contrast Mr. Norton in Invisible Man and Mr. Bodwin in Beloved. In doing so, I argue that Ellison and Morrison attempt to show the dynamic resistance and frustration of the black male characters in a racialized social system, delineating the complex and multifaceted spectrum of white patrons during and after the period of slavery. I also emphasize that both of the novels show the writers' unceasing efforts to make an equal and humane society by overcoming racial confrontations between whites and blacks.

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man and Toni Morrison's Beloved in terms of the representation of the indomitable black men and the white male patrons in order to reexamine the black and white relationship. By paying attention to the minor characters rather than the protagonists of the two novels, this paper first deals with the black male characters such as Brother Tarp and Brother Tod Clifton in Invisible Man and Paul D and Sixo in Beloved. Next, concerning the white patrons who help black people, I compare and contrast Mr. Norton in Invisible Man and Mr. Bodwin in Beloved. In doing so, I argue that Ellison and Morrison attempt to show the dynamic resistance and frustration of the black male characters in a racialized social system, delineating the complex and multifaceted spectrum of white patrons during and after the period of slavery. I also emphasize that both of the novels show the writers' unceasing efforts to make an equal and humane society by overcoming racial confrontations between whites and blacks.

참고문헌 (22)

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  2. 엘리슨, 랠, "보이지 않는 인간" (2010), 민음사
  3. Baumbach, Jonathan, "The Landscape of Nightmare: Studies in the Contemporary American Novel" (1965), New York UP
  4. Butler, Robert J., "The Critical Response to Ralph Ellison", pp.95~105 (2000), Greenwood P
  5. Byerman, Keith E., "Fingering the Jagged Grain: Tradition and Form in Recent Black Fiction" (1985), The U of Georgia P
  6. Cheng, Anne Anlin, "The Cambridge Companion to Ralph Ellison", pp.121~136 (2005), Cambridge UP
  7. Cope, Jonas, "‘Shaking offthe Old Skin’: The Redemptive Motif in Ellison's Invisible Man and Dostoevsky's Notes from Underground", The Dostoevsky Journal, 7(1), pp.75~91 (2006)
  8. Ellison, Ralph, "Invisible Man" (1980), Vintage
  9. George, Sheldon, "Trauma and Race : A Lacanian Study of African American Racial Identity" (2016), Baylor UP
  10. Greene, J. Lee, "Blacks in Eden : The African American Novel's First Century" (1996), UP of Virginia
  11. Jarenski, Shelly, "Invisibility Embraced: The Abject as a Site of Agency in Ellison's Invisible Man", MELUS, 35(4), pp.85~109 (2010)
  12. Kim, Daniel Y., "Invisible Desires: Homoerotic Racism and Its Homophobic Critique in Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man", Novel, 30(3), pp.309~328 (1997)
  13. King, Lavalrie, "James Baldwin and Toni Morrison: Comparative Critical and Theoretical Essays" (2006), Palgrave Macmillan
  14. Kolmerten Carol A., "Unflinching Gaze: Morrison and Falkner Re-envisioned" (1997), UP of Mississippi
  15. Lee, Julia Sun-Joo, "Knucklebones and Knocking-bones: The Accidental Trickster in Ellison's Invisible Man", African American Review, 40(3), pp.461~473 (2006)[DOI]
  16. May, Claudia, "The Genesis of Eden: Scriptural (Re)Translations and the (Un)Making of an Academic Eden in Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man", Literature & Theology, 23(4), pp.421~441 (2009)
  17. Morrison, Toni, "Beloved" (1998), Plume
  18. Nadel, Alan, "Invisible Criticism : Ralph Ellison and the American Canon" (1988), U of Iowa P
  19. Raynaud, Claudine, "The Cambridge Companion to Toni Morrison", pp.43~58 (2007), Cambridge UP
  20. Sy, Ousseynou, "Toni Morrison and Ralph Ellison's Oraliture: Writing Fiction against the Grain", Metacritic Journal for Comparative Studies and Theory, 5(1), pp.121~141 (2019)
  21. Taylor, Jack, "Ralph Ellison as a Reader of Hegel: Ellison's Invisible Man as Literary Phenomenology", Intertexts, 19(1-2), pp.135~154 (2015)
  22. Zamalin, Alex, "Beloved Citizens: Toni Morrison's Beloved, Racial Inequality, and American Public Policy", WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly, 42(1), pp.207~213 (2014)

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