The TIME AS SPACE Metaphor in English and in French: A Cognitive Analysis
2
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Metaphors were conceived of as a figure of speech whose role consisted in merely ornamenting the language. However, with their seminal book Metaphors we live by (1980), Lakoff and Johnson have revolutionized the conception of metaphors by placing them as central to human language, thought and action. Cognitive linguists argue that humans tend to conceptualize abstract concepts, such as time, through more experiential and tangible concepts. For instance, it has been observed that the abstract concept of time is conceptualized as space in several unrelated languages. According to the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), TIME AS SPACE metaphor covers two more specific metaphors: (1) The MOVING TIME metaphor wherein the observer is conceived as a stationary entity, as in The end of the academic year is getting closer; and (2) The TIME AS A LOCATION metaphor wherein times are conceived as stationary points and the observer is conceived as moving relative to these locations, as in We are first approaching the end of the year. This paper aims at probing the validity of the CMT representations of time on the basis of an analysis of time metaphors in two languages: English and French. This analysis is conducted within the framework of CMT. The results corroborate the CMT representations of time, suggesting that in both languages the abstract concept of time is expressed in spatial terms. In English, as in French, time is conceptualized as a moving entity and as having extension in space. In both languages, time can be seen as bounded; therefore, one can perform actions within defined limits of time.
Abstract
Metaphors were conceived of as a figure of speech whose role consisted in merely ornamenting the language. However, with their seminal book Metaphors we live by (1980), Lakoff and Johnson have revolutionized the conception of metaphors by placing them as central to human language, thought and action. Cognitive linguists argue that humans tend to conceptualize abstract concepts, such as time, through more experiential and tangible concepts. For instance, it has been observed that the abstract concept of time is conceptualized as space in several unrelated languages. According to the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), TIME AS SPACE metaphor covers two more specific metaphors: (1) The MOVING TIME metaphor wherein the observer is conceived as a stationary entity, as in The end of the academic year is getting closer; and (2) The TIME AS A LOCATION metaphor wherein times are conceived as stationary points and the observer is conceived as moving relative to these locations, as in We are first approaching the end of the year. This paper aims at probing the validity of the CMT representations of time on the basis of an analysis of time metaphors in two languages: English and French. This analysis is conducted within the framework of CMT. The results corroborate the CMT representations of time, suggesting that in both languages the abstract concept of time is expressed in spatial terms. In English, as in French, time is conceptualized as a moving entity and as having extension in space. In both languages, time can be seen as bounded; therefore, one can perform actions within defined limits of time.
참고문헌 (31)
- Bacz, Barbara, "What’s in the Head?: Metaphorical Expressions in Polish and English", LACUS Forum XXVII, pp.63~74 (2001)
- Block, David, "Metaphors we Teach and Learn By", Prospect, 7(3), pp.41~55 (1992)
- Charteris-Black, Jonathan, "Politicians and Rhetoric: The Persuasive Power of Metaphor" (2005), Macmillan
- Evans, Vyvyan, "The structure of Time: Language, Meaning and Temporal Cognition" (2004), Benjamins
- Ivie, Robert, "Metaphor and the Rhetorical Invention of Cold War “Idealists", Communication Monographs, 54, pp.165~182 (1987)
- Kennedy, Victor, "Metaphors in News: Introduction", Metaphor and Symbol, 15, pp.209~211 (2000)
- KÖvecses, Zoltan, "Metaphor: A Practical Introduction" (2002), Oxford University Press
- Lakoff, George, "The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor, In Metaphor and Thought", pp.202~252 (1993), Cambridge University Press
- Lakoff, George, "Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind" (1987), University of Chicago Press
- Lakoff, Georges, "Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought" (1999), Basic Books
- Lakoff, Georges, "Metaphors we Live By" (1980), University of Chicago Press
- Mio, Jeffery Scott, "Metaphor and Politics", Metaphor and Symbol, 12, pp.113~133 (1997)
- Romaine, Suzanne, "War and Peace in the Global Greenhouse: Metaphors we Die By", Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 11, pp.175~194 (1996)
- Ungerer, Friedrich, "An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics" (1996), Longman
- Yu, Ning, "Metaphorical Expressions of Anger and Happiness in English and Chinese", Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 10, pp.223~245 (1995)
- Clark, Marry Higgins, "The Second Time Around" (2003), Harcourt
- "A Dictionary of American Proverbs" (1992), Oxford University Press
- "Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary" (1989), Oxford University Press
- Postman, Neil, "The Ideology of Machines: Computer Technology, In The Harbrace Reader for Canadians", pp.325~335 (2001), Harcourt
- Roberts, Paul, "How to Say Nothing in 500 Words, In The Harbrace Reader for Canadians", pp.154~168 (2001), Harcourt
- Swerdlow, Joel, "The Power of Writing, In The Harbrace Reader for Canadians", pp.143~154 (2001), Harcourt
- Thomas, Dylan, "Memories of Christmas, In The Harbrace Reader for Canadians", pp.33~39 (2001), Harcourt
- Tierney, John, "Our Oldest Computer, Upgraded, In The Harbrace Reader for Canadians", pp.728~297 (2001), Harcourt