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미국 대중매체의 아시아 여성 재현과 대항적 문화예술 활동 : 최근 아시아계 여성 영상제작자들의 활동에 주목하며

Stereotypic representation of Asian women in the U.S. media and Asian American resistance: Focusing on the recent activities of Asian American female film creators

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이 글은 아시아와 아시안 아메리칸 여성에 대한 미국 대중문화의 왜곡된 재현과 그에 대해 아시아계 예술가들이 펼쳐온 저항 문화예술 활동의 역사적 맥락과 의의를 분석한 글이다. 아시아계가 흑백 대립에 기초한 미국의 이분법적 인종 구조 속에서 보이지 않는 존재이거나 문화가 달라 이질적인 존재로 취급되어 온 가운데 여성의 경우, TV나 영화 등 가장 대중적인 매체에서 주변적인 존재 혹은 과도하게 성적인 이국적 존재로 재현되어왔다. 위험한 ‘드레곤 레이디’이거나 순종적인 ‘연꽃 아기’로 재현한 성적 대상화는 19세기 아시아 남성의 노동 착취를 위해 혹은 20세기 미국의 아시아 전쟁에의 참여 속에 이식되었던 매춘과 연관되어 고정관념화한 것으로, 실제 이민사 속에서 당시 미국의 산업 발달에 불가결한 역할을 수행하며 아시아 여성이 담당했던 노동자로서의 모습은 반영하지 않은 채 오랜 기간 일면적으로 재생되어왔다. 아시안 아메리칸 문화예술가들에 의해 왜곡된 재현을 비판하고 수정하려는 노력이 소설, 연극, 영화 등 다양한 영역에서 이루어져 왔으나, 아시아계 여성에 대한 고정관념은 여성 영상 창작자들의 적극적인 개입이 있기 전까지 쉽게 수정되지 못했다. 2010년대 중반 무렵, 기존의 미디어가 주목하지 않았던 아시아와 여성 등 소수자적 주제를 전략화한 영상 스트리밍 서비스가 활성화된 변화는, 미투 운동으로 촉발된 여성적 주제에 대한 관심사 증가와 더불어, 아시아 여성에 대한 오랜 고정적이고 일면적인 재현방식에 균열을 가져왔다. 논문은 기술적, 사회적 변화의 맥락 속에서 작가, 감독, 프로듀서, 스태프 등 아시아 여성 창작자들의 영상 제작 참여가 증가함으로써 스크린에서 최근 몇 년간 아시아계 여성이 여느 미국인 여성과 마찬가지로 삶의 주인공이 되기도 하고 다양한 캐릭터와 삶의 여정을 겪는 모습으로 재현되는 정상성을 찾아가고 있음을 분석했다.

Abstract

This paper analyzes the distorted representation in American popular culture against Asian and Asian American women, and the historical context and significance of Asian American artists' resistance in their artistic activities. Asian descents in the USA have been treated as invisible or heterogeneous in the dichotomous racial structure of American society based on black-and-white opposition, and it has been repeated in the most popular media such as TV and movies in a way that represents Asian women as peripheral or excessively sexual exotic beings. Sexual objectification, represented as a sexy but dangerous ‘Dragon Lady’ or a sexually obedient ‘Lotus Baby’, is a stereotype of prostitution transplanted for labor exploitation of Asian men in the 19th century or due to the United States' involvement in the 20th century Asian Wars. It has been reproduced for a long time without reflecting the reality of Asian women as mostly laborers who played an indispensible role in the U.S. industrial development at that time. Asian American artists, playwrights, and filmmakers have all made attempts to address inaccurate depictions of Asians, but until Asian female creators actively intervened, preconceptions of Asian women remained unabated. The increase of verified characters of Asian women was related to the emergence of video streaming services which had the strategy of specifying minority issues, the spread of social networking, and the interest in female stories triggered by Hollywood's ‘Me Too’ movement in the mid-2010s. Above all, female creators who have begun to see the light in such technical and social changes played a significant role regaining normality in the representation of Asian women. Through their participation, Asian women are now being represented as they go through various characters and life journeys rather than one-dimensional sexual objects, reflecting the reality of Asian women little by little.

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