THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE REGARDING T’AEKKYŎN AND ITS PORTRAYAL AS A “TRADITIONAL KOREAN MARTIAL ART”
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
The ancient history and identity of Korean martial arts in general remain greatly disputed, and t’aekkyŏn has been mistakenly associated with taekwondo. The first existing reference to t’aekkyŏn dates back to the early eighteenth century. From that period until the turn of the twentieth century, a variety of records have survived, including several official and historical documents, some depictions in paintings, and a single photograph. After analyzing all these existing records, this study concludes that t’aekkyŏn in its past form was not a martial art as we understand it. Rather, it had various game-like qualities, and was also often associated with unruly behavior by individuals of the lower classes. In addition, public performances of t’aekkyŏn were probably connected to folk customs, rituals, and/or festivals, which could also explain its dance-like characteristics as a form of entertainment. While some suggest it may have had some earlier martial art roots, there are not enough existing documents to make any definite conclusion. Therefore, the current presentation of t’aekkyŏn’s as a “traditional Korean martial art” suggests an invented tradition.
Abstract
The ancient history and identity of Korean martial arts in general remain greatly disputed, and t’aekkyŏn has been mistakenly associated with taekwondo. The first existing reference to t’aekkyŏn dates back to the early eighteenth century. From that period until the turn of the twentieth century, a variety of records have survived, including several official and historical documents, some depictions in paintings, and a single photograph. After analyzing all these existing records, this study concludes that t’aekkyŏn in its past form was not a martial art as we understand it. Rather, it had various game-like qualities, and was also often associated with unruly behavior by individuals of the lower classes. In addition, public performances of t’aekkyŏn were probably connected to folk customs, rituals, and/or festivals, which could also explain its dance-like characteristics as a form of entertainment. While some suggest it may have had some earlier martial art roots, there are not enough existing documents to make any definite conclusion. Therefore, the current presentation of t’aekkyŏn’s as a “traditional Korean martial art” suggests an invented tradition.
참고문헌 (53)
- Capener, Steven D., "Problems in the Identity and Philosophy of T’aegwondo and Their Historical Causes", Korea Journal, 35(4), pp.80~94 (1995)
- Steven D. Capener, "The Modern Significance of Taekwondo as Sport and Martial Art:Overcoming Cultural and Historical Limitations in Traditional Thinking", 한국사상과 문화, 30(30), pp.321~354 (2005), 한국사상문화학회
- Cho, Sihak Henry, "Korean karate free fighting technique" (1968), Charles E. Tuttle Company
- 조성균, "민속지학적 관점에 의한 택견의 전수형태와 현대적 의의", 한국체육사학회지, 18, pp.51~68 (2006), 한국체육사학회
- Ch’oe Hong-hŭi, (1958), Sŏnghwa Munhwa-Sa
- Daeha Publication Company, , 1965
- Ch’oe Song-nam, (1955), Donga Munhwasa
- ), "박사", Kukmin University, 2005
- Culin, Steward, "Korean Games with Notes on the Corresponding Games of China and Japan" (1895), University of Pennsylvania
- Draeger, Donn F., "Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts" (1969), Kodansha International
- Funakoshi, Gichin, "Karate-dō Kyōhan: The Master Text" (1973), Kondansha International Ltd
- Gillis, Alex, "A Killing Art: The Untold History of Tae Kwon Do" (2008), ECW Press
- "Aggression, Nationalismus und Kampfsport in Ostasien (Aggression, nationalism and combat sport in East Asia)", 석사, pp.1994
- Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich, "In praise of athletic beauty" (2006), Harvard University Press
- Hassell, Randall G., "Shotokan karate: Its history & evolution" (2007), Empire Books
- Henning, Stanley E., "Traditional Korean Martial Arts", Journal of Asian Martial Arts, 9(1), pp.8~15 (2000)
- Hobsbawm, Eric, "Introduction, In The Invention of Tradition", pp.1~14 (1983), Cambridge University Press
- Hong Yun-p’yo, (2007), National Korean Institute e-book, Shimpyo Mach’impyo
- Hwang Ki, (1949), Chosŏn Munhwa Ch’ulp’ansa
- Hwang Ki, (1958), Kyerang Munhwasa
- P’okyŏng Munhwasa, , 1999
- Kim Ch’ŏn-t’aek, "Ch’ŏnggu yŏngŏn 靑丘永言", National Central Library of Korea
- Kim San, "T’aekkyŏn ŭi ŏwŏn e taehan sogo (Past Records on the Etymology of T’aekkyŏn)", Physical Education Bulletin, 9, pp.195~203 (2000)
- Kim, Kwang-ŏk, "Socio-cultural Implications of the Recent Invention of Tradition in Korea: An Overview", The Papers of the British Association for Korean Studies (BAKS), 1, pp.7~28 (1991)
- Kim Yong-ok, "T’aekwŏndo ch’ŏrhak ŭi kusŏng wŏlli (Principles governing the construction of the philosophy of taekwondo)" (1990), T’ongnamu
- "Korea Taekkyon Federation (Taehan T’aekkyŏn Yŏnmaeng)"[URL]
- Madis, Eric, "The Evolution of Taekwondo from Japanese Karate, In Martial Arts in the Modern World", pp.185~209 (2003), Praeger Publishers
- Udo Mönig, "(The)incomplete transformation of Taekwondo from a 'martial art' to a 'martial sport'", 박사, pp.2012
- Moenig, Udo, "The modifications of protective gear, rules and regulations during taekwondo’s evolution—from its obscure origins to the Olympics", The International Journal of the History of Sport, 29(9), pp.1363~1381 (2012)
- , ~
- Nishiyama, Hidetaka, "Karate the art of “empty hand” fighting" (1960), Charles E. Tuttle Company
- Ouyang, Yung, "The Elevation of Taekkyon from Folk Game to Martial Art", Journal of Asian Martial Arts, 6(4), pp.76~89 (1997)
- Pak Chŏl-hŭi, "P’asa kwŏnbŏp—Kongsu-do kyobon 破邪拳法-空手道敎本 [Kwŏnbŏp association—kongsu-do textbook" (1958), Kudŏgwŏnsa
- Pak Ch’ŏng-chŏng, (2007), Dongmunsŏn
- "The Paradox of Postcolonial Korean Nationalism: State-Sponsored Cultural Policy in South Korea, 1965–Present", The Journal of Korean Studies, 15(1), pp.67~94 (2010)
- Pieter, Willy, "Notes on the Historical Development of Korean Martial Sports: An Addendum to Young’s History & Development of Tae Kyon", Journal of Asian Martial Arts, 3(1), pp.82~89 (1994)
- Pieter, Willy, "Historical aspects of t’aekwŏndo", Archives of Budo, 5, pp.97~101 (2009)
- Poliakoff, Michael B., "Combat Sports in the Ancient World" (1987), Yale University Press
- Pratt, Andrew, "Change and Continuity in Chosŏn Military Techniques during the later Chosŏn Period", Papers of the British Association for Korean Studies, 7, pp.31~48 (2000)
- Sansone, David, "Greek Athletics and the Genesis of Sport" (1988), The University of California Press
- Sin Il-hŭi, (1999), Keimyung University Press
- Prentice-Hall, Inc, , 1968
- Song Hyŏng-sŏk, (2005), Yimun Publishing Co
- Song Hyŏng-sŏk, (2008), Yimun Publishing co
- Song, Tŏk-ki, "T’aekkyŏn" (1983), Sŏrim Munhwasa
- "Last modified 2009"[URL]
- modern Korean Taekwondo), "석사", Seoul National University, 1986
- "American conceptualizations of Asian martial arts: An interpretive analysis of the narrative of taekwondo participants", 박사, pp.1996
- Yi Kyo-yun, (1965), T’op’ik Ch’ulp’ansa
- Yi Man-yŏng, "Chaemulbo 才物譜. Vol. 6", Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies at Seoul National University
- Yi Wŏn-guk, (1968), Jinsudang
- Yi Yong-bok, "T’aekkyŏn" (1995), Taewŏn
- Shin Dong-A, , 2002