THE INVENTION OF TAEKWONDO TRADITION, 1945–1972: WHEN MYTHOLOGY BECOMES ‘HISTORY’
2
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Taekwondo’s popular, historical narrative presents an excellent example of nationalistic attitudes in South Korean society toward portraying historical accounts in a favorable light, regardless of empirical evidence. This article explores various historical accounts regarding the origins of taekwondo, as presented by early taekwondo pioneers. After Korea’s liberation from Japanese colonial rule, taekwondo’s earliest and most central historical source became the hwarang myth, which dominated, due to its promotion by the government as a symbol of South Korea’s military might, martial traditions, and nationalism. Only over time, did a variety of additional events result in an ‘official’ martial arts narrative for taekwondo. By 1971, the accounts became consolidated and unified with taekwondo’s emergence as an internationally known Korean national sport, with all references to foreign influences omitted from the official record. This article demonstrates how the creation of taekwondo’s historical narrative represents a classic case of, ‘the invention of tradition.’
Abstract
Taekwondo’s popular, historical narrative presents an excellent example of nationalistic attitudes in South Korean society toward portraying historical accounts in a favorable light, regardless of empirical evidence. This article explores various historical accounts regarding the origins of taekwondo, as presented by early taekwondo pioneers. After Korea’s liberation from Japanese colonial rule, taekwondo’s earliest and most central historical source became the hwarang myth, which dominated, due to its promotion by the government as a symbol of South Korea’s military might, martial traditions, and nationalism. Only over time, did a variety of additional events result in an ‘official’ martial arts narrative for taekwondo. By 1971, the accounts became consolidated and unified with taekwondo’s emergence as an internationally known Korean national sport, with all references to foreign influences omitted from the official record. This article demonstrates how the creation of taekwondo’s historical narrative represents a classic case of, ‘the invention of tradition.’
참고문헌 (65)
- Cho, Sihak Henry, "Korean Karate: Free Fighting Technique" (1968), Charles E. Tuttle Company
- Ch’oe Hong-hŭi, (1959), Sŏnghwa munhwasa
- Choe Hong-hŭi, "Taekwon-do : The Art of Self-defence" (1965), Daeha Publication Company
- Choe Hong-hŭi, "Taekwon-do: The Korean Art of Self-defence" (1972), International Taekwondo-do Federation
- Choe Sŏng-nam, (1955), Tonga munhwasa
- Funakoshi, Gichin, "Karate-dō Kyōhan: Master Text for the Way of the Empty-hand" (2005), Neptune Publications
- Hwang Ki, (1949), Chosŏn munhwa chulpansa
- Hwang Ki, (1958), Kyerang munhwasa
- Hwang Ki, (1970), Samgwang chulpansa
- Hwang Ki, "The History of Moo Duk Kwan" (1995), Tang Soo Do Moo Duk Kwan Federation
- Kanō, Jigorō, "Mind over Muscle" (2005), Kodansha International
- Kim Kyŏn-myŏng, (1993), Myŏngmundang
- Kim Pu-sik, (1997), Ŭryu munhwasa
- Kim, Sang H, "Muye Dobo Tongji: The Comprehensive Illustrated Manual of Martial Arts of Ancient Korea" (2000), Turtle Press
- , Keimyung University Dongsan Library
- Pak Chang-hwa, (2002), Sonamu
- Pak Chŏl-hŭi, "Pasa kwŏnbŏp: Kongsudo kyobon (Kwŏnbŏp association: Kongsudo textbook)" (1958), Kudŏgwŏnsa
- Qi Jiguang, "Jixiao xinshu (New book recording effective techniques) Vol. 3" (1991), Zhonghuashuju
- Son, Duk Sung, "Korean Karate: The Art of Tae Kwon Do" (1968), Prentice-Hall, Inc
- "T’aim aut", Chosŏn Ilbo, ~ (1968)
- Yi Chong-u, (1972), Korea Taekwondo Association Publication
- Yi Kyo-yun, (1965), Topik chulpansa
- Yi Sŏn-gŭn, (1949), Tongguk munhwasa
- "Chugan Chosŏn", 1968
- Yi Tŏng-mu, (2003), Changyongyŏng
- Yi Wŏn-guk, (1968), Chinsudang
- Adrogué, Manuel E, "Ancient military manuals and their relation to modern Korean martial arts", Journal of Asian Martial Arts, 12(4), pp.8~33 (2003)
- Benesch, Oleg, "Inventing the Way of the Samurai" (2014), Oxford University Press
- Bittmann, Heiko, "Karatedô: Der Weg der leeren Hand (Karatedô: The Way of the Empty Hand)" (1999), Verlag Heiko Bittmann
- Breslow, Arieh Lev, (2015), Via Media Publishing Company
- Capener, Steven D, "Problems in the identity and philosophy of t’aegwondo and their historical causes", Korea Journal, 35(4), pp.80~94 (1995)
- 스티븐캐페너, "The Making of a Modern Myth: Inventing a Tradition for Taekwondo", Korea Journal, 56(1), pp.61~92 (2016), 유네스코한국위원회
- 조성균, "THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE REGARDING T’AEKKYŎN AND ITS PORTRAYAL AS A “TRADITIONAL KOREAN MARTIAL ART”", Acta Koreana, 15(2), pp.341~368 (2012), 한국학연구원[DOI]
- 최광승, "유신체제기 박정희 정권의 애국적 국민 생산 프로젝트: 화랑도와 화랑교육원을 중심으로", 한국학연구, (33), pp.237~275 (2014), 한국학연구소
- Draeger, Don F, "Classical Budo: The Martial Arts and Ways of Japan. Vol. 2" (1973), Weatherhill, Inc
- Draeger, Don F, "Modern Bujutsu & Budo. Vol. 3" (1974), Weatherhill, Inc
- Friday, Karl F, "Legacies of the Sword: The Kashima-Shinryū and Samurai Martial Culture" (1997), University of Hawaii Press
- Gilles, R. Savoie, "Taekwondo: A Technical Manual" (2010), Blue Snake Books
- Gillis, Alex, "A Killing Art: The Untold History of Tae Kwon Do" (2008), ECW Press
- Gwang, Ok, "The Transformation of Modern Korean Sport: Imperialism, Nationalism, Globalization" (2007), Hollym International Corp
- Han Pyŏng-chŏl, (2003), Yŏngwŏn munhwasa
- Henning, Stanley E, "Traditional Korean martial arts", Journal of Asian Martial Arts, 9(1), pp.8~15 (2000)
- Herriegel, Eugen, "Zen in the Art of Archery" (1953), Pantheon Books, Inc
- Hobsbawm, Eric, "The Invention of Tradition" (1983), Cambridge University Press
- Kang Wŏn-sik, "Taekwŏndo hyŏndae sa (A modern history of taekwondo)" (1999), Pogyŏng munhwasa
- Kim, Min-ho, (1999), L’Harmattan
- Kim Yong-ok, "Taekwŏndo chŏrhak ŭikusŏng wŏlli (Principles governing the con-struction of the philosophy of taekwondo)" (1990), Tongnamu
- ". Last modified in 2007"[URL]
- Lorge, Peter A, "Chinese Martial Arts" (2012), Cambridge University Press
- Madis, Eric, "Martial Arts in the Modern World", pp.185~209 (2003), Praeger Publishers
- Ricard D. McBride II, "The Hwarang Segi Manuscripts: An In-Progress Colonial Period Fiction", Korea Journal, 45(3), pp.230~260 (2005), 유네스코한국위원회
- McBride, Richard D. II, "Silla Buddhism and the hwarang", Korean Studies, 34, pp.54~89 (2010)
- Moenig, Udo, "Taekwondo: From a Martial Art to a Martial Sport" (2015), Routledge
- Udo Moenig, "Evidence of Taekwondo’s Roots in Karate: An Analysis of the Technical Content of Early Taekwondo Literature", Korea Journal, 54(2), pp.150~178 (2014), 유네스코한국위원회
- "M.A", Myongji University, 2007
- 박성현, "특집 : 박정희 정권의 ‘화랑도(花郞道)’ 교육 - 내용의 연원과 관철의 방식 -", 역사와 현실, (96), pp.51~77 (2015), 한국역사연구회
- Pratt, Andrew, "Change and continuity in Chosŏn military techniques during the later Chosŏn period", Papers of the British Association for Korean Studies, 7, pp.31~48 (2000)
- Rutt, Richard, "The flower boys of Silla (Hwarang)", Royal Asiatic Society, 38, pp.1~66 (1961)
- Shahar, Meir, "The Shaolin Monastery" (2008), University of Hawaii Press
- Sintionean, Codruta, "Key Papers on Korea", pp.253~274 (2013), Global Oriental
- Song Hyŏng-sŏk, (2005), Inmun ch’ulp’ansa
- Song Hyŏng-sŏk, (2008), Yimun chulpansa
- Tikhonov, Vladimir, "Hwarang organization: Its functions and ethics", Korea Journal, 38(2), pp.318~338 (1998)
- "History, Last modified in 2013"[URL]
- "The first ‘Taekwondo Forum with Global Leaders" (2016)[URL]