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아이티 국가허약성 담론과 국제원조의 관계: 2010년 지진 이후 원조를 중심으로

The Discourse of Fragile State in the International Aid for Haiti: The Analysis of the International Aid after the 2010 Haitian Earthquake

강정원
스페인라틴아메리카연구원 (Institute of Hispanic Studies)|2017.11|스페인라틴아메리카연구 (The Korean Journal of Hispanic Studies)|제10권 제2호|pp. 33-61|DOI 10.18217/kjhs.10.2.201711.33

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참고문헌

키워드

국제원조Disaster Capitalism아이티HaitiInternational AidFragile State허약국가재해 자본주의
주제분류스페인어와문학

초록

2010년 1월 12일 발생한 강도 7의 지진은 아이티 수도 인근을 강타하며 23만 명의 사망자와 극심한 재산 피해를 초래했다. 역사상 최악의 재해로 초토화된 아이티를 재건하기 위해 국제 사회는 대규모 원조 사업에 착수하게 되었고, 막대한 원조 자금 투입과 다양한 국제 원조기관들의 참여로 지진 이후의 국제 원조는 아이티가 기존의 취약성을 극복하고 새롭게 거듭날 기회로 작용할 것이라는 기대감이 조성되었다. 하지만 지진 참사 7년이 지난 지금 아이티 지진 이후의 원조 사업은 아이티의 문제들을 해결하기 보다는 재난 이후의 또 다른 재난을 초래하는 원인으로 작용했다는 의견들이 지배적이다. 본 논문은 지진 이후 아이티에서 전개되었던 원조 사업의 주요 내용과 파급력에 대한 분석을 통해 아이티에서 국제 원조가 의도했던 성과를 거두지 못한 원인을 분석한다. 특히 본 논문은 국제 원조 기관들이 아이티 국가 허약성을 전제로 사업을 설계하고 실행함에 따라 아이티 정부와 시민사회의 참여를 더욱 배제하게 되었고, 그 결과 원조는 아이티의 취약성에 대한 해결책이 되기보다는 이를 더욱 악화시키는 원인으로 작용하게 되었다고 비판한다.

Abstract

In January 12, 2010, Haiti suffered from a 7.0 magnitude earthquake with an epicenter near Port-au-Prince. The earthquake weakened the already weak public sector in Haiti, destroying most of residential buildings and public facilities near the capital city with a death toll over 230,000. As Haiti was devastated by the worst natural disaster in its history, the international community pledged a unprecedented level of aid for the relief and reconstruction of Haiti. Even though the influx of a large scale of international aid prompted immediate expectations in Haiti, most of the promises of aid remain unfulfilled until now. On the contrary, critics identify the international aid to be a cause of “disaster after the disaster” in post-earthquake Haiti. This study analyzes why the international aid has failed in fulfilling its intended promises in the post-earthquake Haiti. In specific, this study argues that the international aid projects have been premised on the notion of fragile state of Haiti, which legitimatized the exclusion of the Haitian government and civil society throughout the relief and reconstruction intervention. As a result, this study criticizes that the international aid in Haiti has aggravated the fragility of the Haitian state instead of becoming a solution to it as it intended.

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