“자연의 나라”: 국가 건설과 자연의 재발견
“Nature’s Nation”: Nation Building and the Rediscovery of Nature
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This paper aims to examine the changing views of nature in American society and the development of ecological thinking propelled by these changes over the period roughly from America’s independence to the age of Jackson. Nature was very often seen as “a howling wilderness” or the obstacles which blocked the progress of civilization in the Puritan period, but a shift in its view occurred at the turn of independence. It now began to be celebrated as an important source of national identity or pride urgently sought in the process of nation building, and then as a sacred place where God’s grandeur and providential order was revealed. Such a new attitude to nature is typically demonstrated in the poems of Philip Freneau and William Cullen Bryant and in the sublime landscape paintings of the Hudson River School. Another important aspect of the post-Revolutionary view of nature is found in William Bartram’s Travels, one of the first important natural histories in America, which shows the diversity and plenty of American flora and fauna and insists on a rare biocentrist belief that nonhuman lives warrant respect in their own right. Despite all this view of nature, its utilitarian function was never abandoned in American society. While inviting an image of numinous nature, the wilderness spectacle also suggests the means for commerce and industry. Fenimore Cooper’s The Pioneers dramatizes the clash between these two visions of nature; one appreciative of the wilderness as it is and the other leaning toward its transformation for civilization.
Abstract
This paper aims to examine the changing views of nature in American society and the development of ecological thinking propelled by these changes over the period roughly from America’s independence to the age of Jackson. Nature was very often seen as “a howling wilderness” or the obstacles which blocked the progress of civilization in the Puritan period, but a shift in its view occurred at the turn of independence. It now began to be celebrated as an important source of national identity or pride urgently sought in the process of nation building, and then as a sacred place where God’s grandeur and providential order was revealed. Such a new attitude to nature is typically demonstrated in the poems of Philip Freneau and William Cullen Bryant and in the sublime landscape paintings of the Hudson River School. Another important aspect of the post-Revolutionary view of nature is found in William Bartram’s Travels, one of the first important natural histories in America, which shows the diversity and plenty of American flora and fauna and insists on a rare biocentrist belief that nonhuman lives warrant respect in their own right. Despite all this view of nature, its utilitarian function was never abandoned in American society. While inviting an image of numinous nature, the wilderness spectacle also suggests the means for commerce and industry. Fenimore Cooper’s The Pioneers dramatizes the clash between these two visions of nature; one appreciative of the wilderness as it is and the other leaning toward its transformation for civilization.
참고문헌 (39)
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