식민지 시대의 자연관: “아카디아”에서 “울부짖는 황야”까지
Nature in Colonial America: From Arcadia to Howling Wilderness
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This study explores two views of nature in Colonial America: those of Arcadia and Howling Wilderness. These view were important in that they were inevitable elements in understanding the history and literature in Colonial America. Roughly speaking, while the concept of Arcadia based on Hellenistic pastoral traditions was developed in Virginia, that of Howling Wilderness based on the Christian tradition was formed and developed in New England. In addition to the regional difference between them, they produced very opposite images of Native Americans or Indians respectively. Usually the writing of Virginia such as Beverley's described Indians as peaceful, innocent, like the shepherds in Arcadia. Contrary to this view, New England’s puritans such as Bradford imagined and recognized their Indians as devilish, cruel, and savage, despite Puritan's experiences contrary to their recognitions. Especially those views of nature were closely related to white settlers’ lives and cultures in America. For Virginians, the life of Virginia was regarded as the extension of European civilization. In this respect, they employed the concept of Arcadia which was the representative view of nature in contemporary Europe. The puritans in New England, however, emphasized on the entire break from Europe, as expressed by “negative structure” of Bradford writing. In spite of these differences between them, the concepts of Arcadia and Howling Wilderness continued to be changed by the political and economic state of colonial America. The concept of Arcadia was transformed into “middle landscape,” exemplified by Byrd’s writing. On the other hand, that of Howling Wilderness was changed into “romantic landscape” in Anne Bradstreet’s poems.
Abstract
This study explores two views of nature in Colonial America: those of Arcadia and Howling Wilderness. These view were important in that they were inevitable elements in understanding the history and literature in Colonial America. Roughly speaking, while the concept of Arcadia based on Hellenistic pastoral traditions was developed in Virginia, that of Howling Wilderness based on the Christian tradition was formed and developed in New England. In addition to the regional difference between them, they produced very opposite images of Native Americans or Indians respectively. Usually the writing of Virginia such as Beverley's described Indians as peaceful, innocent, like the shepherds in Arcadia. Contrary to this view, New England’s puritans such as Bradford imagined and recognized their Indians as devilish, cruel, and savage, despite Puritan's experiences contrary to their recognitions. Especially those views of nature were closely related to white settlers’ lives and cultures in America. For Virginians, the life of Virginia was regarded as the extension of European civilization. In this respect, they employed the concept of Arcadia which was the representative view of nature in contemporary Europe. The puritans in New England, however, emphasized on the entire break from Europe, as expressed by “negative structure” of Bradford writing. In spite of these differences between them, the concepts of Arcadia and Howling Wilderness continued to be changed by the political and economic state of colonial America. The concept of Arcadia was transformed into “middle landscape,” exemplified by Byrd’s writing. On the other hand, that of Howling Wilderness was changed into “romantic landscape” in Anne Bradstreet’s poems.
참고문헌 (20)
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