'그룬트리세'의 비판적 해석: 1857년 '서설'에서 역사, 생산, 방법
A Critical Interpretation of Grundrisse : History, production and method in the 1857 ‘Introduction’
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1857년에 마르크스는 국제적 차원으로 확대되던 금융위기가 유럽에서 새로운 혁명적 시기의 조건들을 만들었다고 확신했다. 어디서부터 시작해야 하는가? 그가 이전에 수차례 시작했다 중단하기를 반복했던 그 야심 차고 부담스러운 정치경제학비판이라는 프로젝트를 어떻게 시작할 것인가? 이것이 마르크스가 다시 작업에 착수했을 때 자문했던 첫 번째 물음이었다. 이런 점을 고려한 결과 그는 방법의 문제들에 더 천착하여 연구의 주요 원칙을 정식화하게 되었다. 그 최종 결과가 마르크스의전체 저작 중에서 가장 널리 논쟁되었던 수고의 하나인 소위 1857년 ‘서설’이었다. 글을 작성하는 데 걸린 짧은 기간(거의 일주일도 안 되는)과 무엇보다 그 임시적성격 때문에 이 수고는 매우 복잡하고 논쟁적이게 되었다. 그럼에도 이 ‘1857년 서설’이 인식론적 문제들에 대한 마르크스의 가장 포괄적이고 세밀한 주장을 담고 있기 때문에 이 서설은 그의 사상을 이해하는 중요한 참고문헌이자 전체로서 『그룬트리세』를 해석하는 열쇠이다. 가장 위대한 몇몇 경제학자와 철학자와의 심도 있는 만남을 통해 마르크스는 깊은 확신을 재확인하면서 중요한 이론적 인식에 도달한다. 무엇보다 마르크스는 자본주의 생산양식과 그 사회적 관계의 역사적 특수성을 다시 강조한다. 다음으로,생산, 분배, 교환, 소비를 하나의 총체성으로 간주하고, 이 총체성 속에서 생산이다른 부분들에 대한 지배적인 요소로 간주한다. 게다가 사고 속에서 실제의 재생산과 관련하여 마르크스는 단지 역사적 방법에만 의지한 것이 아니라 추상을 사용하여 지식의 경로를 구성하는 것의 가치를 인식하게 되었다. 마지막으로, 마르크스는생산관계와 지적 관계의 발전들 사이에서 존재하는 불균등한 관계를 강조한다. 이 수고가 1903년에 처음 출판된 뒤로 100여 년 동안 이런 점들 때문에 ‘1857년서설’은 마르크스에 대한 진지한 해석자들과 독자들에게 필수불가결한 이론적 텍스트일 뿐 아니라 문학적 관점에서도 매혹적인 저작이 되었다.
Abstract
In 1857 Marx was convinced that the financial crisis developing at an international level had created the conditions for a new revolutionary period throughout Europe. Where to begin? How to embark on the critique of political economy,that ambitious and demanding project which he had begun and interrupted several times before? This was the first question that Marx asked himself as he got down to work again. These considerations led him to go more deeply into problems of method and to formulate the guiding principles for his research. The upshot was one of the most extensively debated manuscripts in the whole of his oeuvre: the so-called ‘Introduction’ of 1857. The short period of composition (scarcely a week) and, above all, the provisional character of these notes make them extremely complex and controversial. Nevertheless, since it contains the most extensive and detailed pronouncement that Marx ever made on epistemological questions, the ‘1857 Introduction’ is an important reference for the understanding of his thought and a key to the interpretation of the Grundrisse as a whole. In a close encounter with the ideas of some of the greatest economists and philosophers, Marx reaffirmed profound convictions and arrives at significant theoretical acquisitions. First of all, he insists again on the historical specificity of the capitalist mode of production and its social relations. Second, he considers production, distribution, exchange and consumption as a totality, in which production constitutes the element predominating over the other parts of the whole. Moreover, with regard to the reproduction of reality in thought, Marx does not resort to a merely historical method but makes use of abstraction, having come to recognize its value for the construction of the path of knowledge. Finally, he underlines the uneven relationship that obtains between the development of the relations of production and intellectual relations. In the hundred years since they were first published (1903), these reflections have made the ‘1857 Introduction’ an indispensable theoretical text as well as a fascinating one from a literary point of view, for all serious interpreters and readers of Marx.
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