제1차 세계대전기 독일 사회민주당의 ‘방어전쟁’과 로자 룩셈부르크
‘Wars of national self-defence’ : the German Social Democratic Party and Rosa Luxemburg
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이 글은 제1차 세계대전 시기에 독일 사회민주당의 ‘방어전쟁’의 내용과 이에 대한 로자 룩셈부르크의 비판을 중심으로 재구성한 것이다. 독일 사회민주당은 제1차세계대전이 터지기 전까지 ‘국제주의’에 뿌리를 둔 반전 의지를 거듭 천명했다. 그러나 전쟁이 터지자, 독일 사회민주당은 ‘방어전쟁’을 표방하면서 독일제국 정부의전쟁 수행 노력을 적극 지지했다. 로자 룩셈부르크는 독일 사회민주당의 ‘배반 행위’를 다른 무엇보다 제국주의에 대한 잘못된 평가, 즉 자본주의의 평화가능성에서찾았다. 독일 사회민주당의 대표자들은 이런 낙관론을 전제로 인터내셔널 대회에서‘반전의지’를 표명하되, 총파업과 같은 전쟁방지 수단을 적극 고려하지 않았다. 이것은 독일 사회민주당의 의회주의 전략이 낳은 필연적 귀결이라고 할 수 있다.
Abstract
This paper aims to analyse Rosa Luxemburg’s criticism of the ‘nationalself-defense’ policy of the German Socialist Democratic Party(SPD) in the FirstWorld War. Prior to the conflict, the SPD repeatedly opposed war and thisposition was reflected the Second International’s declared policy. But on 4August 1914, social democratic deputies in the German Reichstag votedunanimously for war credits, supporting the government’s war effort. RosaLuxemburg found the cause of the SPD’s ‘betrayal’ in their incorrect perceptionof imperialism. The leadership of the SPD, especially E. Bernstein and K. Kautsky, believed that capitalist peace was possible,. Therefore the act of socialdemocratic deputies was inescapably linked to parliamentarism. The vote killedthe Socialist International. Rosa’s critics on the shift of the SPD to a social reform policy seemsreasonable in theory. But a explanation to describe the actions of the SPD on theeve of World War I as their betrayal of internationalism is the assumption thatinternationalism and nationalism stand in opposition to each other. For mostGerman socialists, the nation represented the constitutive building block of anyinternationalism at that time. If it may be best to jettison nationalist/internation-alist binary oppositions, we will be able to analyze the actions of the SPD and,by extension, the failure of the Second International. And which, more to thepoint, we should take all the circumstances, for example, public attitude andsentiment towards the nation, patriotism, and internationalism etc. intoconsideration.
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