반려견이 사람과 교감(놀이)을 원할 때 나타내는 발성음의 음성학적 분석
Acoustic Analysis of Domestic Dogs’ (Canis familiaris) Vocalizations: When They Want to Play with Human
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본 연구는 반려견의 다양한 발성음 중 사람과 교감(놀이)을 원할 때 나타내는 발성음의 음성학적 특성을 알아보기 위하여 수행되었다. 생후 7개월령의 암컷 비글(Beagle) 6마리를 대상으로 관리자와 교감(놀이)를 원할 때 나타내는 발성음을 수집하였다. 수집된 발성음들을 짖음(Barking), 낑낑거림(Whining), 울부짖음(Howling)의 3가지 형태로 구분하였으며, 이후 Praat을 이용하여 웨이브폼(waveform)과 스펙트로그램(spectrogram)의 형태에 따라 짖음과 낑낑거림은 각각 두 가지 유형으로 세분화하였다. 따라서 총 5가지 형태의 발성음의 음성학적 분석을 실시하였다. 파리미터별로 비교한 결과, 음의 길이를 제외한 기본주파수, 음의 강도, 포먼트에서 모두 유의적인 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 낑낑거림 유형Ⅰ은 기본주파수와 제3포먼트에서 높은 값을 보인 반면, 낑낑거림 유형Ⅱ는 기본주파수와 제1포먼트, 제2포먼트, 제4포먼트에서 높은 값을 나타냈다. 짖음 유형Ⅰ과 Ⅱ는 음의 강도가 상대적으로 높게 나타났으며, 짖음 유형Ⅱ의 경우에는 제1포먼트에서 높은 값을 보였다. 울부짖음은 제4포먼트만 높은 값을 보였으며, 제1포먼트와 제2포먼트가 다른 발성음에 비해 현저히 낮았다. 결론적으로 반려견은 인간과의 교감(놀이)을 원할 때 짖음과 낑낑거림을 주로 사용하였으며, 울부짖음의 경우 드물게 사용하였다. 또한, 이러한 발성음들은 음성학적으로 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 발성음 분석은 반려견을 이해하는데 있어 가장 비침습적이고 동물복지적인 방법으로 반려견의 심리 상태를 알 수 있는 중요한 지표가 될 수 있다.
Abstract
The objective of this study was the acoustic analysis of vocalizations of domestic dogs when they want to play with humans. Using a digital camcorder and microphone, we recorded and acoustically analyzed the vocalizations of six 7-month-old dogs (beagle) when they wanted to play with humans. The vocalizations were classified into five types, namely, barking (type Ⅰ, type Ⅱ), whining (type Ⅰ, type Ⅱ), and howling, based on the shapes of waveforms and spectrograms. There was a significant difference in the fundamental frequency (p<0.01), intensity (p<0.0001), 1st formant (p<0.001), 2nd formant (p<0.0001), 3rd formant (p<0.001), and 4th formant (p<0.05) among the vocalizations, whereas the duration was not different (p<0.05). Whining type I showed high values in the fundamental frequency and 3rd formant, while whining type II showed high values in the fundamental frequency and 1st, 2nd, and 4th formant. Further, bark types I and II showed high intensity values, with bark type II having a high value in the 1st formant. Finally, whining showed high values in the 4th formant only and significantly lower values in the 1st and 2nd formants than other vocalizations. Domestic dogs mainly exhibited barking and whining with differences in characteristics of fundamental frequency, intensity, and formant dispersion when they wanted to play with humans during the experiment. Accordingly, we suggest that vocalization could be a useful method for identifying dogs’ intentions or emotional state in a non-invasive manner.
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