Enduring Difficulties in China-U.S. Defense Diplomacy
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
초록
Despite decades of military-to-military talks and the creation of several China U.S. defense confidence-building measures, clashes between Chinese and American military units operating in the international waters and airspace near China have repeatedly disrupted their bilateral relations. Since the mid-1990s, the two defense communities have negotiated a series of bilateral defense and security agreements and confidence-building measures seeking to reduce mutual tensions and advance their common security interests. These measures have promoted a better understanding of each party’s security concerns, but they remain highly constrained and vulnerable to disruption from external shocks. Several factors have impeded their development. The most important obstacle has been the underlying contentious nature of the ChineseU.S. relationship, which is manifested most acutely by tensions over Taiwan. As leaders of the weaker power, moreover, Chinese policymakers fear that excessive transparency could provide Americans with insights into their military vulnerabilities. Influenced by a strategic tradition that emphasizes deception, many Chinese strategists also believe that opaqueness assists in deterring potential adversaries by complicating their military planning. Furthermore, Chinese policymakers do not want to draw foreign attention to their continued military buildup. Finally, defense policymakers in both countries have generally resisted measures that constrain their military operations and capabilities.
Abstract
Despite decades of military-to-military talks and the creation of several China U.S. defense confidence-building measures, clashes between Chinese and American military units operating in the international waters and airspace near China have repeatedly disrupted their bilateral relations. Since the mid-1990s, the two defense communities have negotiated a series of bilateral defense and security agreements and confidence-building measures seeking to reduce mutual tensions and advance their common security interests. These measures have promoted a better understanding of each party’s security concerns, but they remain highly constrained and vulnerable to disruption from external shocks. Several factors have impeded their development. The most important obstacle has been the underlying contentious nature of the ChineseU.S. relationship, which is manifested most acutely by tensions over Taiwan. As leaders of the weaker power, moreover, Chinese policymakers fear that excessive transparency could provide Americans with insights into their military vulnerabilities. Influenced by a strategic tradition that emphasizes deception, many Chinese strategists also believe that opaqueness assists in deterring potential adversaries by complicating their military planning. Furthermore, Chinese policymakers do not want to draw foreign attention to their continued military buildup. Finally, defense policymakers in both countries have generally resisted measures that constrain their military operations and capabilities.
참고문헌 (56)
- "Blair: China Gets ‘More Aggressive’ against U.S. Ships" (2009)[URL]
- Denny Roy, "Restructuring Foreign and Defense Policy: The People’s Republic of China, In Asia-Pacific in the New World Order", pp.146~147 (1998), The Open University
- Win Xinba, "China: Security Practice of a Modernizing and Ascending Power, In Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influences", pp.129~ (1998), Stanford University Press
- "More Work Needed in Military Relationship with China, Admiral Says" (2009)[URL]
- "U.S. Admiral Calls for Renewed U.S.-China Military Talks" (2009)[URL]
- "Bold PRC Vessels Alarm Pentagon" (2009)[URL]
- "Military Maritime Consultative Agreement (MMCA)"[URL]
- Paul H.B. Godwin, "Decision-making Under Stress: The Unintentional Bombing of China’s Belgrade Embassy and the EP-3 Collision, In Chinese National Security Decision-making under Stress", pp.174~ (2005), Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College
- "China Blocked another U.S. Ship: Pentagon" (2007)[URL]
- "U.S. Lodges Formal Protest With China" (2007)[URL]
- "China Warns US to Keep out of Taiwan"[URL]
- Barnes, "U.S. Lodges Formal Protest"
- "U.S., Chinese Officials Plan Military Exercise, Port Call in April", Inside the Pentagon, March 6, 2008, 1~ (2008)
- "Military Power of the People’s Republic of China 2009" (2009)[URL]
- Jing-Dong Yuan, "Sino-US Military Relations since Tiananmen: Restoration, Progress, and Pitfalls", Parameters: U.S. Army War College Quarterly, 33(1), pp.53~ (2003)
- "Pentagon Report Plays down Chinese Military Threat" (2008)[URL]
- "The United States Security Strategy for the East Asia-Pacific Region 1998" (1998)[URL]
- "Early Prospects of the Obama Administration’s Strategic Agenda with China" (2009)[URL]
- "Conference Report: U.S.-China Strategic Dialogue, Phase III: The Role of National Perceptions of Security Environments in Shaping Sino-American Nuclear Affairs" (2007)[URL]
- "China’s National Defense in 2008" (2009)[URL]
- "U.S. And Chinese Defense Chiefs Open Hotline as Calls for Greater Transparency Increase" (2008)[URL]
- "Optimism Grows for U.S.-China Military" (2009)[URL]
- "China’s National Defense in 2008" (2008)[URL]
- "China Calls on Obama to Promote Stronger Military Ties" (2009)[URL]
- "China Urges U.S. to Scrap Taiwan Arms Sale, Avoid Sea Standoffs" (2009)[URL]
- Yuan, "Sino-US Military Relations since Tiananmen", pp.52~
- "The Cox Report: Selected Text and Commentaries", Arms Control Today, 29(3) (1999)
- "The Intelligence Community Damage Assessment on the Implications of China’s Acquisition of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Information on the Development of Future Chinese Weapons: Key Findings" (1999)[URL]
- Robert L. Suettinger, "Beyond Tiananmen: The Politics of U.S.-China Relations, 1989-2000", Brookings Institution, pp.328~331 (2003)
- June Teufel Dreyer, "Clinton’s China Policy, In The Clinton Riddle: Perspectives on the Forty-Second President", pp.170~ (2004), University of Arkansas Press
- David M. Lampton, "Same Bed, Different Dreams: Managing U.S.-China Relations, 1989-2000", pp.60~ (2001), University of California Press
- Simon Shen, "Nationalism or Nationalist Foreign Policy? Contemporary Chinese Nationalism and its Role in Shaping Chinese Foreign Policy in Response to the Belgrade Embassy Bombing", Politics, 24(2), pp.126~ (2004)
- David Shambaugh, "China’s Military Views the World", International Security, 24(3), pp.64~ (1999)
- Steven I. Levine, "Sino-American Relations: Testing the Limits of Discord, In China and the World: Chinese Foreign Relations in the Post-Cold War Era. third edition", pp.80~81 (1994), Westview Press
- Christopher Layne, "China’s Challenge to U.S. Hegemony", Current History, 107(705), pp.13~18 (2008)
- "Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World" (2008)[URL]
- "Global Trends 2020: Mapping the Global Future" (2004)[URL]
- "American Strategy for Asia" (2009)[URL]
- "The Power of Balance: America in Asia" (2008)[URL]
- "A Global Imperative: A Progressive Approach to U.S.-China Relations in the 21st Century" (2008)[URL]
- "Optimism Grows for U.S.-China Military Talks" (2009)[URL]
- Chong-pin Lin, "China’s Nuclear Weapons Strategy", pp.21~ (1988), Lexington Books
- "Bush Official Urges China to Lift Nuclear Secrecy" (2009)[URL]
- "The Dilemma between Deterrence and Disarmament: Moving beyond the Perception of China as a Nuclear Threat" (2008)[URL]
- Pacific Region, "A Chinese Colossus?, In Transformation of Security in the Asia", pp.1996, Desmond Ball
- You Ji, "The Armed Forces of China", pp.208~209 (1999), I.B. Tauris
- "Chinese Naval Fleet Arrives off Somalia" (2009)[URL]
- "Monthly Summary of Contributors of Military and Civilian Police Personnel"[URL]
- "China’s Military and Security Activities Abroad" (2009)[URL]
- "China Military Trains First Public Relations Team" (2009)[URL]
- Kristen Gunness, "China’s Military Diplomacy in an Era of Change", National Defense University Symposium on China’s Global Activism: Implications for U.S. Security Interests (2006)
- "International Rescue*China Looks after its Interests Abroad" (2009)[URL]
- "Flournoy Concludes ‘Constructive’ Round of U.S.-China Talks" (2009)[URL]