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Political Stability and Relocation of U.S. Military Bases in Okinawa: A Case Study Based on In-depth Interviews

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Japan and the United States have been paying particular attention to political stability in Okinawa because of their national defense, security, and other interests, especially regarding the so-called “China threat.” Okinawa has played an important role as the location for U.S. military bases for a long time, and 2022 marks 50 years since Okinawa’s return to Japan following the post–war U.S. occupation. Although Okinawa is now included in Japan’s peace constitution, U.S. military related incidents continue, including a 1995 incident that incited a massive antibase protest. Japan responded with a series of economic compensation measures for Okinawa; furthermore, Japan and the United States agreed to relocate the U.S. Futenma air base to another part of Okinawa, Henoko, to stabilize the base politics. However, the over-concentration of U.S. military bases in Okinawa has caused major dissatisfaction among the residents. This paper therefore utilized the Japan’s Futenma base relocation process and its governance as a research case by employing t he methods of firsthand literature, discourse analysis, and in-depth interviews to analyze the factors of political stability and base relocation. The results of this research found the following three factors—more direct compensation, unique history, and the Henoko environment—that made the relocation of the Futenma base to Henoko possible.

Abstract

Japan and the United States have been paying particular attention to political stability in Okinawa because of their national defense, security, and other interests, especially regarding the so-called “China threat.” Okinawa has played an important role as the location for U.S. military bases for a long time, and 2022 marks 50 years since Okinawa’s return to Japan following the post–war U.S. occupation. Although Okinawa is now included in Japan’s peace constitution, U.S. military related incidents continue, including a 1995 incident that incited a massive antibase protest. Japan responded with a series of economic compensation measures for Okinawa; furthermore, Japan and the United States agreed to relocate the U.S. Futenma air base to another part of Okinawa, Henoko, to stabilize the base politics. However, the over-concentration of U.S. military bases in Okinawa has caused major dissatisfaction among the residents. This paper therefore utilized the Japan’s Futenma base relocation process and its governance as a research case by employing t he methods of firsthand literature, discourse analysis, and in-depth interviews to analyze the factors of political stability and base relocation. The results of this research found the following three factors—more direct compensation, unique history, and the Henoko environment—that made the relocation of the Futenma base to Henoko possible.

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