Altai Kazakh falconry as ‘heritage tourism’: the Golden Eagle Festivals of Western Mongolia
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Falconry (or hawking), a centuries-old method of hunting,survives in the Altaic Kazakh pastoralist community inBayan Ulgii (Баян Өлгий/Bayan Ölgii) Aimag (Province) , inWestern Mongolia. The hunters specialise in hunting foxeswith female golden eagles. Over the last decade, the spreadof heritage tourism has brought about positive and negativechanges in the tradition. It has also changed the attitude oflocal eagle hunters towards people and especially towardstourists. Since 2000, the establishment of the Golden EagleFestival (Бүргэдийн наадам/ бүркіт той) has changedfalconry from a way of hunting into something that providesdemonstrations and entertainment for tourists. This research reports on the ambivalent situation of theAltaic Kazakh eagle hunters with (1) a survey of theattitudes of local eagle hunters in the Altai, Sagsai, Tolboand Ulaanhus Sum (Counties), (2) interviews with theauthorities concerned, and (3) ethnographic documentationbased on participant observation. The research describes the role of the Golden Eagle Festival which has become the force for major changes inthe tradition of hunting with eagles. New eagle owners arecoming on the scene while at the same time traditionalhunting activities are almost disappearing. It seems thatsome eagle hunters now hold eagles without having anyknowledge about taming and hunting. The local falconryculture is more complex than ever before and the huntershave various views of the situation. Finally, to focus on this cultural transition from ‘livingtradition’ to ‘post-contextual culture’, this study sets out toidentify criteria and create a master plan for the culturalsustainability of Altaic Kazakh falconry in order to conserveit as ‘on-going’ intangible cultural heritage.
Abstract
Falconry (or hawking), a centuries-old method of hunting,survives in the Altaic Kazakh pastoralist community inBayan Ulgii (Баян Өлгий/Bayan Ölgii) Aimag (Province) , inWestern Mongolia. The hunters specialise in hunting foxeswith female golden eagles. Over the last decade, the spreadof heritage tourism has brought about positive and negativechanges in the tradition. It has also changed the attitude oflocal eagle hunters towards people and especially towardstourists. Since 2000, the establishment of the Golden EagleFestival (Бүргэдийн наадам/ бүркіт той) has changedfalconry from a way of hunting into something that providesdemonstrations and entertainment for tourists. This research reports on the ambivalent situation of theAltaic Kazakh eagle hunters with (1) a survey of theattitudes of local eagle hunters in the Altai, Sagsai, Tolboand Ulaanhus Sum (Counties), (2) interviews with theauthorities concerned, and (3) ethnographic documentationbased on participant observation. The research describes the role of the Golden Eagle Festival which has become the force for major changes inthe tradition of hunting with eagles. New eagle owners arecoming on the scene while at the same time traditionalhunting activities are almost disappearing. It seems thatsome eagle hunters now hold eagles without having anyknowledge about taming and hunting. The local falconryculture is more complex than ever before and the huntershave various views of the situation. Finally, to focus on this cultural transition from ‘livingtradition’ to ‘post-contextual culture’, this study sets out toidentify criteria and create a master plan for the culturalsustainability of Altaic Kazakh falconry in order to conserveit as ‘on-going’ intangible cultural heritage.