1920년대 북경지역 한인유학생의 민족운동

Abstract

There were prominent universities like Peking University and Pengmin University and many middle and high schools in Peking which was the capital city of China and the stronghold of Northern warlords. And besides, the philosophy department, the literature department, the history department, the theology department and others where the lessons of oriental studies were given had an advantage over the universities in Japan and European countries. And spending needed for education in Peking was cheaper than that in Japan. Therefore Korean students who wanted to Chinese thought, history, philosophy and others or to have something to do with Chinese people or to study freely without Japanese government control and furthermore, the students with the will to be involved in the campaign for liberation of the people went to Peking for study. A ten odd Korean students studied in peking in 1910s, however, the number of Korean students mounted up to several hundreds. Korean students in Peking were closely united and they organized a body. Wal-Bo Seo organized a Joseon Students' Association in Peking in March, 1918 with the help of Heung-Gyo Han, Ja-Il Jang and others who were the members of the Koryo Young Men's Christian Association in Peking. This body claimed to stand for the students' association in Peking at the time of its establishment, however, it was a body for an independence movement in fact as its leading figures like Wal-Bo Seo and Heung-Gyo Han took an active part in the Young Men's Association for the Great Korea's Independence as the head of the department of military affairs and the deputy head of the department each. As the number of the members of the Joseon Students' Association in Peking mounted up to more than 70 from the end of 1921 to early 1922, its organization was put in good order. The headquarter of the Joseon Students' Association in Peking was located in Peking University in January, 1922. Its chairman was Ja-Il Jang, and Jae-Gyeom Lee, Song-Hwa Jo, Jin-Seon Jeong, Wal-Bo Seo, Heon Shin and Pil Shin worked for the association as a secretary. In June, 1923 the system of the Association was changed from the system of secretary to a committee system. The head of the committee was Ja-Il Jang, and Gap Kim and others worked for the Association as committee members. The Association published its bulletins “A spirit” and “SaeJoseon - New Korea”, and its magazines “Shininmool - A new man” and “Dodu”. As they published the articles like “The slaughter of Koreans in Tokyo and the indignation of Koreans in Peking”, “Creation and reconstruction”, and others in their magazines, they disclosed the brutality of Japanese imperialism and stated their views about the course of the campaign for liberation of the people and aroused national consciousness and independence consciousness. And they held a meeting at every memorial day like 1st of March and 29th of August, they strengthened anti-Japanese consciousness and announced the statement of censure and urged to take an active part in the armed and unyielding independence movement. However, the Association's line for the independence movement entailed an evil to raise funds for the movement almost compulsively from the students' school expense. At that time Wan-Gyu So gave rise to public criticism by writing “It would be better to be a japanese agent than to be a thief” in the second number of “Shininmool”. The Association immediately criticized Wan-Gyu So, however, not a few students had sympathy for him. So the Association was enveloped in an internal trouble. In such a situation the members of the Students' Buddhist Association like Seong-Sook Kim, Jong-Mook Yoon, Bong-Hwan Kim organized the Joseon Students' Club in Peking in February, 1924. Seong-Sook Kim and Bong-Hwan Kim, the leading members of the Club organized “Banyeoksa - Rebellion company” which was a body of communism and took an active part in infusing Ji-Rak Jang and others with communism. So the Club was transfigured gradually to a body with communism color. The Club published its bulletin “The Students' Club” and introduced the matters of ideas, science, literary art and communication to its members. And Myeong Yang, its member published “Shingwang - New light” in February, 1924 and aroused national consciousness and diffused a communist idea among people. Seong-Sook Kim, Jong-Mook Yoon and Bong-Hwan Kim, the members of the Club and Buddhists published “Hwangya-a wilderness” The Club changed its name into the Koryo Students' Association in Peking in January, 1925 as the figures like Se-Hoon Won, Wal-Bo Seo and others participated in the Club. They were taking an active part in the movement for a national unique party. The Koryo Students' Association in Peking tried to spread a revolutionary movement including an independence movement and a socialist movement. The Association published “Haewaesoonbo - overseas report issued every ten days” and advertised the development of a revolutionary movement including an independence movement and a socialist movement. The Association published “hyeokmyeong - Revolution” in January, 1925 and asserted the necessity of the formation of the national cooperation front. And the Association published “Hakwon”and “Sidan - social field for the poets” to promote science and literary art and contributed an article “About Peking” to “Dongailbo - a newspaper” to promote studying in Peking. The Joseon Students' Association in Peking and the Koryo Students' Association in Peking tried to unify the two organizations, however, the organizations were not unified because of their religious discord and difference in the campaign line for liberation of the people. But the two organizations asserted the necessity of the formation of the national cooperation front. As a forcing meeting in Peking to organize the great Independence Party was organized on such a basis in Novemeber, 1926, the leaders of the two organizations had a meeting in Pengmin University on 12th of December, 1926 and dissolved their organizations and formed a Korean Students' Association in Peking. As the Korean Students' Association in Peking published its bulletin and organized a Korean Young Men's Association in Peking, it supported the movement for a national unique party. But as the situation in peking grew uneasy because of the Kuomindang's expedition to conquer the north and struggles between military cliques after 1927 and the numbers of Korean students decreased, the influence of the Association started to weaken. Moreover, as the socialists left the movement for a national unique party after 1928, the activity of the Association grew depressed. The Association announced “3.1 declaration” after 1931. And its members tried to put its organization in good order for its revival, however, it went contrary to their expectations. After that the Association gradually vanished from memory. Korean students came to Peking because of a variety of grounds including learning oriental studies, cheaper overseas study expenses, groping for an independence movement, etc. The students in peking were poorer relatively than the student studying in Japan, however, they had strong national consciousness. As they belonged to the members of a national leading group, they could not neglect a national issue. So they peeped at a body of an independence movement and a socialist organization or took part in them. But they were students in their station in life. Therefore they took an active part in the campaign for liberation of the people by means of publication of magazines and newspapers, propaganda activity like propaganda material distribution rather than an armed struggle. The magazines and newspapers they distributed to Korea, Manchuria and Primorie in Russia contributed to the instillation of national consciousness and revolutionary consciousness into the hearts of Korean people at home and abroad. Especially, as they proposed the necessity of the formation of the national cooperation front, they played a role of development of the movement for a national unique party at home and abroad in 1926 and 1927.