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WTO의 최후구제조치 관련 개선방안 : 장점과 단점

Proposed Reforms on the WTO's Last-Resort Remedy: Pros and Cons

Sherzod Shadikhodjaev
법무부 (Ministry of Justice)|2007.06|국제법무연구 (Journal of International Legal Affairs)|제75호|pp. 141-175

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보상WTO금전적 보상보복조치구제조치집단적 보복조치제3국에 이전할 수 있는 보복조치소급력
주제분류법학

초록

WTO 출범이후 현재까지 보복조치는 8건의 분쟁사례에서 승인되었고, 실제로 6건 분쟁사례에서만 실시되었다. 총 WTO 분쟁건수에 비교해 보면 보복조치실시관행은 잘 이뤄지지 못했다고 평가할 수 있다. 그 이유 하나는 보복조치가 비효과적 구제수단이기 때문이다. 왜냐하면 첫째, 보복조치가 자유무역정책의 취지에 부합하지 않고, 둘째, 보복조치 대상수입품의가격이 인상되어 보복조치를 취하는 회원국도 피해를 받을 수 있기 때문이다. 셋째, 개도국 또는 약소국가들의 수출입 범위가 넓지 않아 보복조치는 피소국에 큰 영향을 미치지 못하며, 넷째, 보복조치는 소급력이 없기에 분쟁 발생시부터의 피해를 ‘보상’할 수는 없기 때문이다. 따라서 소급적 보복조치 허용, 집단적 보복조치 허용, 제3국에 이전할 수 있는 보복조치권리 허용, 시간흐름에 따른 보복조치 수준증가 허용 및 보복조치 대신 보상의 활용을 확대할 것 등에 관한 제안들이 제시되고 있다. 보복조치의 효율성을 높이기 위해 우선 소급적 보복조치를 실시하도록 허용하여야 한다. 왜냐하면, 몇 건의 GATT/WTO 사례에서 이미 소급적 구제조치를 권고한 바가 있어 소급력 개념이 GATT/WTO　분쟁해결제도에서 알려지지 않은 것이 아니며, 일반국제법상의 대응조치에도 해당되기 때문이다. 또한 보복조치와 공동하여 실시되거나, 보복조치를 대신할 수 있는 금전적 보상도 허용된다면 WTO분쟁해결 구제제도는 보다 더 활성화될 수 있다.

Abstract

Since the WTO establishment,　only eight disputes resulted in the DSB authorization of retaliation. In practice, however, retaliation has been implemented in six disputes. The inefficiency of this remedy is one of the main reasons for such a modest retaliation practice. First, retaliation is against the free-trade philosophy of the WTO. Second, it is self-defeating, as it may bring more harm than benefit to a retaliating Member. Third, many small and developing countries lack sufficient retaliating power. Fourth, retaliation is prospective. Finally, it does not necessarily target the industries that have benefited from the responding Member's wrongful act. Thus, several proposals have been tabled with respect to e.g. an early determination and application of nullification or impairment, retroactive retaliation, collective retaliation, negotiable retaliation, the gradual increasing the retaliation level over time, and strengthening the role of compensation. Among them, the proposal to permit retroactive retaliation seems be most realistic, since the concept of retroactivity is not very new to GATT/WTO remedies, and fully applicable to general international law countermeasures. In addition, monetary compensation - paid either instead of or in combination with retaliation - would be another serious step towards improving the WTO remedies system.

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