글로벌경쟁정책과 무역 이슈의 최근 동향
Recent Developments in Global Competition Law and Trade
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초록
오늘날 경쟁법의 집행문제는 본질적으로 국내 관할 사항임은 이론의 여지가 없다. 그러나 역사적 사례에서 알 수 있듯이 개별 국가가 자국 경쟁법을 일방적으로 역외적용하거나 또는 과잉․과소 집행할 경우, 이로 인해 외교·통상 마찰이 발생할 수 있다. 이러한 점에서 국내 경쟁법 집행 문제는 더 이상 국내법적 차원에 국한되는 것이 아니라 글로벌 경제 거버넌스 차원에서 접근할 필요가 있다. 최근 국내 경쟁법의 일방적 역외적용 문제는 경쟁법․정책 집행 관련 양자 협력을 통하여 상당 부분 해소되었고, 최근에는 ICN과 같은 경쟁당국자 간의 국제포럼, 또는 MOU나 FTA를 통하여 국가 간의 경쟁 이슈를 다루는 현상이 목격되고 있다. 현재로서는 많은 국가들이 자국 경쟁법의 독자적인 집행을 포기함으로써 발생하는 유․무형의 비용을 타국 경쟁법의 과잉집행 또는 과소집행을 억제함으로써 얻을 수 있는 자국 기업의 시장접근 보장이라는 편익보다 훨씬 크게 인식하고 있어, 가까운 장래에 경쟁 이슈를 포괄적으로 다루는 글로벌경쟁법의 탄생은 상당히 힘들 것으로 보인다. 다자조약에 근거한 글로벌경쟁법 탄생의 여건이 성숙되기 전까지는, 주로 국제카르텔 조사나 경쟁법 집행의 절차적 협력과 같이 일부 제한된 경쟁 이슈에 국한하여 양자 또는 지역협정을 통해 글로벌 경쟁 이슈에 대한 논의가 이루어질 것으로 전망된다.
Abstract
In the era of globalized market the enforcement of national competition law may have adverse effects on foreign firms and/or other countries. For this reason, while competition law remains essentially a matter of domestic jurisdiction, competition issues contain international or global characteristics. Compared with other global issues, however, competition issues is not enough mature to be codified to form any multilateral treaty law. Given complex competition matters and deep differences in national competition laws, it is not surprising that all attempts to create global competition law since 1920s have been failed. Although there is no empirical study about cost-benefit analysis on global competition law, the continuous failures to achieve global competition law from 1920s to 2000s well show that most countries consider that the benefit of global competition law is trivially small or zero, but the cost of global competition law is incredibly huge. So it can be estimated that the cost of global competition law is larger than the benefit. In this sense, global competition law is not an efficient way to correct negative externality. Moreover there is a possibility that multilateral-treaty-based competition law would not work better than national competition laws, and be free from over/under enforcement problem. For these reasons, it is unrealistic to expect that international community can establish any comprehensive international treaty law on every competition issues in the foreseeable future. Given this situation, it seems that bilateral or regional agreements on selected competition matters (e.g., international price-fixing cartel, co-operation of enforcement) might be an efficient way to correct negative externality.
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