일본과 미국의 대립적 - 협조적 통상정책의 기원과 전개: 미국 통상법안(88년 통상법 vs. 94년 UR실시법안) 비준의 프로세스와 메커니즘
A Political Economy of the Japan-U.S. Trade Relations: A Case Study on the ‘Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988’ and the Uruguay Round Implement Act Negotiations under the GATT/WTO Regime
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본 논문의 목적은 미 통상법, ‘1988 포괄·통상경쟁력법’ 제정과정 분석을 통해 GATT 체제하의 일본과 미국의 대립적 통상정책의 역사적 기원을 고찰하려는 것이다. 아울러 미국의 ‘UR 실시법안’의 성립과정 분석을 통해, 미 통상법 301조 체제에서 WTO 체제로의 이행과정을 점검하여 일본과 미국의 협조적 통상정책을 분석하려 한다. 첫째, 미국 의회에서의 88년 포괄통상법안의 심의 과정을 분석하여, 80년대 미국의 통상정책에서 301조가 강화되는 과정을 밝히고 변화의 요인을 규명한다. 구체적으로는 1987년 상원을 통과한 ‘87년 포괄통상법안’과 ‘88년 포괄통상·경쟁력법(Omnibus Trade Competitiveness Act of 1988：이하 88년 포괄통상법)’에 초점을 맞춘다. 우선 88년 포괄통상법의 제정 과정을 자세히 살펴보고 그 내용을 슈퍼 301조에 초점을 맞춰 조명해 본다. 둘째, UR 실시법안의 성립 과정에서 301조와 GATT/WTO(의 일반적 상호주의)의 관계를 규명하는 것이다. 주지하다시피 미국의 상호주의는 88년 포괄통상법 성립으로부터 UR 타결에 걸쳐 크게 변화했다. 즉 미국의 특정적 상호주의가 GATT/WTO의 일반적인 상호주의에 원리적으로 수렴되고 있었다. 여기서는 이에 관해 UR 실시법안의 성립 과정 분석을 통해 검증하려고 한다. UR 실시법안이야말로 미국의 자의적인 301조의 행사를 크게 제약하고 특정적 상호주의로부터 일반적인 상호주의에 회귀하는 계기 및 기반이 되었다.
Abstract
This paper focuses on the development(and the process of divergence and convergence) of the relation between Japan and U.S. in trade policy through a case study on the ‘Omnibus Trade Competitiveness Act of 1988’ and the ‘Uruguay Round Implement Act’ Negotiations under the GATT/WTO regime. The purpose of this paper is to consider the historical origin of U.S. and Japan's confrontational(oppositive) Trade Policy under the GATT regime and analyzing the enactment process 'Omnibus Trade Competitiveness Act of 1988'. Also, through analysis of America's establishing process of 'UR Implement Act', examine the Section 301 system of U.S. and WTO to analyze the cooperative trade relations between U.S. and Japan. First, I will examine the ‘Omnibus Trade Competitiveness Act of 1988’(U.S. legislature) to investigate the reinforcement process and changes the Section 301 in the 1980s. Specifically, focuses on the Super 301. in the legalization process of the 'Omnibus Trade Competitiveness Act of 1988'Second, during the legalizing process of ‘Uruguay Round(UR) Implement Act’, it is key to investigate the relationship between the Section 301 and diffuse reciprocity of GATT/WTO. As we all know, reciprocity of U.S. in trade policy changed over during the process in ‘Omnibus Trade Competitiveness Act of 1988’ and UR negotiation(ratification). In other words, a fundamental principle of reciprocity in U.S. trade policy has returned to the principle of reciprocity of GATT/WTO after the establishment of World Trade Organization(WTO). In hoc, I will prove the process of 'UR Implement Act', which became the leverage of restricting United States’ arbitrarily usage of the Section 301 and switch from special reciprocity to diffuse reciprocity. Also I will show that Japanese trade politics in WTO dispute settlement has changed much from the GATT days. Because during its early WTO disputes Japan made sure that U.S. unilateralism would be deterred by a threat of WTO litigation.
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