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Harmonization of Trade and Environment through Judicial Interpretation of General Exceptions under the WTO

이은섭
법무부 (Ministry of Justice)|2006.04|국제법무연구 (Journal of International Legal Affairs)|제68호|pp. 35-92

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참고문헌

키워드

지속가능한 개발최혜국대우Sustainable development내국민대우분쟁해결절차national treatment이원적 접근다자간환경협정balancing test동종상품무역관련환경조치필요성 요건균형 테스트생산공정 및 생산방법multilateral environmental agreementsdispute settlement processtrade-related environmental measuresmost-favored nation treatmentnecessary requirementtwo-tier approachlike productsnon-product-related process or production
주제분류법학

초록

이 논문은 WTO 체제하에서 환경과 무역의 효율적인 연계방안을 모색하는데 있어, WTO 이외에 별도의 환경협약을 체결하여 두 가지 체제의 공존이나 WTO 체제 내에 별도의 환경협정을 두는 문제가 회원국들 간의 첨예한 이해 대립으로 어려운 점을 감안하여, 과연 현행 WTO의 분쟁해결기구를 통한 GATT의 일반예외조항 등의 환경관련 규정에 대한 사법적 해석에 의하여 이 문제를 해결 할 수 있을 것인가에 관하여 지금까지의 주요한 환경관련 분쟁사례 등을 분석 하고 있다. 판례들을 분석한 결과 GATT 체제에서와는 달리 WTO 체제에서는 환경보호조치를 허용하는 GATT 제20조의 용인 빈도가 증가하였고 환경보호를 목적으로 한 무역조치의 합법성이 인정되었다는 점을 발견할 수 있었다. 특히 WTO 상소기구는 환경보호를 목적으로 하는 각국의 환경 정책들에 대하여는 대체적으로 합법성을 인정하면서 다만 수반되는 조치 등이 자의적이거나 차별적으로 부과되어서는 안 된다는 판정을 내리고 있다. 이와 같이 GATT 체제에 비하여 WTO의 상소기구는 환경보호 관련조치에 대하여 보다 적극적이고 긍정적인 자세를 견지하여 왔다는 점과 환경보호를 위한 실체적 규정에 대하여는 일관되게 적법성을 인정해 왔다는 점을 감안 한다면 현행의 WTO의 틀 내에서 GATT 제20조의 해석을 통하여 두 가지 문제를 조화롭게 연계시킬 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

Abstract

This article is to consider whether it is possible or not to seek harmonized resolutions of trade and environmental conflicts through the dispute settlement process within the WTO mechanism, considering the practical difficulty to relate legally the multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) with the WTO provisions. These resolutions are discussed under the presumption that environmental issues in the WTO are better served under a "one-pillar" concept with the WTO as a sole column rather than "two-pillars" idea with WTO and the created world environment organization. The considerations are focused on the review of the GATT/WTO judicial interpretations of the related provisions including Article XX of the GATT to harmonize trade and environmental conflicts, from which the possibility to seek harmonized resolution through the dispute settlement process would be inferred. Summarizing the cases dealt in the dispute settlement procedures at the GATT, the justification of trade measures aiming at environmental protection had been strictly interpreted. Consequently, GATT/ WTO mechanism has been accused of its negative attitude against environmental protection. Fortunately, however, since the launch of the WTO, trade measures for environmental protection in several cases have been justified through the WTO's progressed judicial interpretation. This progressive interpretation on the related provisions is meaningful considering the fact that it offered driving force to revolute the nature of the dispute on trade and environment. Such an interpretation is substantially evaluated to improve the value of the sustainable development and environmental protection.

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