전자적 서비스무역에 관한 통상규범 : WTO 및 FTA의 성과
Trade Rules on Electronic Trade in Services : The Outputs of WTO and FTAs
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인터넷과 전자상거래 확산이라는 시장현실에도 불구하고, 전 과정이 온라인으로 완결될 수 있는 서비스무역, 즉 전자적 서비스무역에 관한 다자통상규범 제정의 성과가 만족스럽지 못하다는 사실은 잘 알려져 있다. 다자통상규범 제정의 공식창구라 할 수 있는 WTO 전자상거래 작업계획의 거의 유일한 성과가 전자적 전송에 대한 잠정적 무관세 관행의 유지 정도에 불과하기 때문이다. 다행스럽게도 시장현실과 통상규범 간 존재하는 그러한 진공상태는 WTO 분쟁해결절차와 FTA라는 대안적 포럼에 의해 어느 정도 해소되어 왔다. 본고는 WTO 전자상거래 작업계획의 성과, 인터넷 도박서비스에 관한 WTO 분쟁해결절차의 판결내용 및 미국을 체결당사국으로 하는 FTA 전자상거래 챕터의 조문을 종합적으로 검토함으로써 전자적 서비스무역과 관련하여 현재까지 정립되어 온 통상규범의 주요내용 및 문제점을 분석한다. 본고의 분석결과는 일관된 형태로 제정되어 온 미국 주도의 FTA 전자상거래 챕터가 그 자체로 전자적 서비스무역에 관한 통상규범 제정의 의미있는 진전으로 인식될 수 있으나, 디지털재화 분류 권한의 국별 방임 및 비차별대우 원칙에 대한 선택적 또는 포괄적 예외인정이 전자적 서비스무역 자유화의 중대한 걸림돌이 될 수 있음을 시사한다.
Abstract
Contrary to the proliferation of Internet and E-commerce in marketplace, it is a general perception that there has been little progress made in laying down multilateral trade rules on the electronic trade in services, that is, trade in services every phase of which can be completed on-line. Duty-free moratorium on electronic transmissions is almost a unique output of the WTO E-commerce Work Programme which has been the official window of drafting multilateral trade rules on electronic trade in services. It is a good thing for WTO dispute settlement procedures and FTAs, as alternative forums, to manage to fill in the vacuum existing between market reality and trade rules. This paper seeks to analyze the main elements and hurdles of trade rules on electronic trade in services made to date through reviewing the performance of E-commerce Work Programme, rulings of WTO dispute settlement procedures on Internet gambling services, and provisions of E-commerce chapters in FTAs with the USA involved as a Party. With all the fact that E-commerce chapter of a consistent shape in USA-led FTAs, by itself, may be treated as a significant advance in making trade rules on electronic trade in services, this paper underlines the caveat that some elements in those FTAs, such as carte blanche in classifying digital products and selective or comprehensive carving out exceptions on non-discrimination principle, would work as sticking points for liberalization of electronic trade in services.
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