미중 전략경쟁과 우주외교(Space Diplomacy) 경쟁
“Space Diplomacy” in US-China Competition
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미소 냉전기는 과학기술 프로젝트에 ‘국제정치-심리적 요소’가 중요하게 고려되었던시기였다. 과학은 단순히 진보의 원동력일 뿐만 아니라 국력의 직접적인 지표로 간주되어, 강력한 지정학적 위상을 유지시키는 핵심 요소로 역할하였다. 특히, 우주는 미소간 국력경쟁, 영향력 경쟁의 핵심 공간이었고, 미소양국은 우주기술을 글로벌 영향력 확대와 리더십 제고에 적극 활용하였다. 우주는 미소 양국 모두에게 진영 내 결집과 진영 밖 영향력확대를 위한 주요한 외교자원이었다. 미중 경쟁의 심화와 함께 다시 우주는 강대국간 국력 경쟁과 영향력 경쟁의 핵심 공간으로 부상하고 있다. 미중 양국은 우주를 영향력 제고와 우호그룹 구축을 위한 주요한 외교적 정치적 자원으로 인식하고, 우주외교 경쟁을 확대하고 있다. 미중 우주 경쟁에 대한 관심과 연구가 증대하고 있으나 영향력 경쟁과우호그룹 구축 차원에서 전개되는 미중 ‘우주외교(space diplomacy)’ 경쟁에 대한 연구는 취약하다. 이에 본 연구는 미중 경쟁과 우크라이나 전쟁으로 과학기술협력의 진영화 추세가 부상하고 있는 환경 속에서 미중 양국이 우주기술을 외교자원으로 적극 활용하는 ‘우주외교’를비교분석한다. 중국이 강대국화를 목표로 어떻게 일대일로 국가, 글로벌 남반구 국가들과우주협력을 확대해 가고 있는지, 미국이 어떻게 중국의 우주굴기를 안보화하고 동맹국･협력국들과의 우주협력과 대중국 기술견제를강화하고 있는지를 분석한다. 결론에서 미중양국의 우주외교 경쟁이 향후 국제질서에 미치는 영향과 한국 우주전략에의 시사점을 제기한다.
Abstract
Space technology developed within a complex interplay of international political environments like the Cold War, military necessity, political vision, and nationalism, influencing diplomacy, security, and social spheres. During the Cold War, space was a primary arena for the power and influence competition between the U.S. and the USSR. In the early post-Cold War era, space became a zone for non-aligned international cooperation. However, with the resurgence of major power competition between the U.S. and China, space is once again emerging as an arena for competition in power and influence. This has led to increased investments by the U.S. and China in using space as a diplomatic and political resource to enhance their influence and build friendly coalitions. As space becomes a key battleground for future global leadership between the U.S. and China, there is growing interest and research into the U.S.-China space competition. However, there are few researches on the 'space diplomacy' competition between US and China. Therefore, this study analyzes space diplomacy in the context of the U.S.-China competition . It examines how China aims to become a great power by using space as the diplomatic resources to attract the Global South Countries and expand the China-led global partnerships such as “Space Silkroad” along the Belt and Road . It also analyzes how the U.S. is responding by securitizing China's rise in space, expanding space cooperation with allies, and strengthening technology containment against China. In conclusion, the study presents the implications of U.S.-China space diplomacy for the future international order. It highlights the risks of polarization in space politics, fragmentation of global space cooperation norms, and the potential for space to become an arena for major power conflicts, challenging the international order.
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