WTO규범이 식량주권에 미치는 영향
The Effect of WTO Rules to the right to Food
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WTO농업협정에 의하여 불완전하게 표명되거나 전혀 표명되지 않는 식량에 대한 권리, 즉 식량주권에 대한 법률적 관점에서의 분석이 현행규범의 일부 또는 그 규범의 결여가 세계 식량안보의 장애물로 작용할 수 있다. 현재 WTO규범은 시장접근성과 다양한 공급자들 사이의 경쟁을 위한 공정한 경쟁분야를 다루고 있다. 강화된 복지의 목적이 분명하게 R2F의무와 일치하는데 반하여, WTO협정에 의하여 상정된 이행도구들은 R2F제도와 부분적으로만 일치한다. WTO협정은 주로 무역, 생산, 환경과 공급자의 희생으로 경쟁적 왜곡을 다루는 반면에, R2F는 보호, 존중, 구제의무를 다룬다. 이것은 WTO가 R2F를 보장하면서 ICESCR 제11조(2)의 의미에서 협력할 일반적 의무를형성하여 무역규범의 역할을 수행하여야 함을 의미한다. WTO는 식량덤핑과 같이 성문화된 국제인도법에 근거하여 금지된 조치를 허용하고 있다. 농업무역에 적용 가능한 WTO 규범에 대한 이러한 평가는 부유한 국가들이 이용 가능한 현재의 보조금과 규범적 자유재량이 식량무역을 위한 공평한 경쟁을 방해한다는 결론에 이르게 한다. 또한 ‘덤핑할 자유’ 는 ICESCR에 대한 각각의 서명에서 행해진 R2F의무를 위반하는 것이다. 특히, 세계 식량공급과 식량원조를 통한 초과분 처분을 제한하는 수출제한을 규정하고 있는 WTO체제는국제공법의 ‘do no harm’라는 원칙을 준수하지 않고 있다. R2F가 WTO규범에 더 좋은 방식으로 도입되는 방법은 첫째, R2F를 인권으로 간주하고, 그 인권에 대한 명확한 고려를 WTO농업협정에 삽입하는 것이다. 둘째, R2F를 WTO농업협정과 GATT 제20조로 해석하는 것이고, 셋째, R2F를 무역규범에 대한 일반적 예외를 구성하는 강행법규로 보고 법이나 조약에 우선하여 적용한 분쟁사건의 선례를 따르는 것이다. 넷째, ICESCR은 R2F에 해로운 조약을 체결하지 않은 의무를 부여하는 새로운 무역규범을 채택하는 것이다. R2F는 정치적 의지 및 국내의 정책적 재량의 문제가 아니라, 최저로 식량을 필요로 하는 모든 사람들에게 충분한 양적 및 질적으로 식량이용을 가능하도록 보장하는 다자간 무역규범을 개선하기 위한 성문화된 국제인도법에 따른 법적 의무가 수반됨을 의미한다.
Abstract
This article is an enquiry into the right to Food that is either incompletely addressed or not addressed at all by the WTO Agreement on Agriculture(AoA). Our analysis from a legal perspective shows that some of the present rules, or the lack thereof, can act as disincentives for global food security. WTO rules deal with market access and a level playing field for competition between different suppliers. While the Objective of inhanced welfare is certainly in line with R2F obligations we have to acknowledge that the implementation tool-kit envisaged under the WTO agreements is on partially congruent with R2F instruments. While the former is mainly to address trade, production, circumvention and competition-distortion at the expense of other suppliers, the latter deal with an obligation to protect, respect and remedy. This means that the role of trade have to implement in ensuring the R2F, as long as the WTO stops short of formulating a general obligation to cooperate in the sense of Article 11(2) ICESCR. WTO today allows measures which are prohibited under codified international humanitarian law, such as food dumping. This assessment of the WTO rules applicable to trade in agriculture leads us to conclude that the present subsidy and regulatory leeway available to rich countries prevents a level playing field for the trade in food. This ‘freedom to dump’ violates the R2F obligation to which each signatory of the ICESCR is committed. In particular, Stating export restrictions limiting the global food supply and surplus disposal through food aid, WTO framework does not and will not even follow the ‘do no harm’ principle of public international law. Four possibilities for taking the R2F into account at the level of the WTO negotiations and rule-setting: (1) inserting an explicit reference to human rights into the AoA;(2) interpreting the R2F ‘into’ the AoA and Article ⅩⅩ GATT-along; (3) recognizing the R2F as inalienable rights pre-existing laws and treaties (jus cogens to be recognized as a general exception to trade rules), and which therefore must take precedence in case of conflicts; (4) adopting a new trade rule recognizing that the ICESCR implies the obligation not to conclude treaties that harm the R2F. The R2F is not a matter of political will and domestic policy space. It implies a legal obligation under codified humanitarian law to improve multilateral trade rules so as to ensure that as a minimum, they do no more harm and, better still, that they contribute to making food available in a sufficient quantity and quality to all people in need.
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