국가 안보 위협 논란에 따른 미국의 1962년무역확장법 232조 수입조치에 대한 통상법적 쟁점
Issues of US Section 232 Import Measures on National Security in International Trade Law
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수입품에 의한 국가 안보 위협 여부에 따라 수입제한조치를 시행할 수 있는 미국의 232조 조사는 조사기관의 재량과 행정부의 조치 시행 권한을 강력하게 보장하는 만큼 흔하게 원용되지 않는다. 그러나 무역구제조치를 보완하기 위한 의도로 철강과 알루미늄 수입에 이례적인 232조 조사를 개시한 트럼프 행정부에 대하여 무역상대국들은 조치의 남용을 우려하고 있다. 미국 232조의 법적 요건과 현재까지의 조사 사례를 분석한 결과, 조사기관이 적용하는 국가 안보에 관한 정의와 수입품이 영향을 끼치는 경로가 점차 다양하게 확대되고 있음을 알 수 있다. 232조 조사에 따른 수입조치가 통상 분쟁으로 발전할 경우, 주요 쟁점은 232조 조사에서 활용된 ‘국가 안보’의 범위가 WTO 안보예외 조항이 허용하는 ‘국가 안보’의 범위에 포함되는가이다. ‘자기판단조항’이라는 별칭을 가진 GATT XXI조에 대한 WTO 패널 관할권의 복원으로 GATT XXI조 (b)항의 세부요건 합치 여부에 대한 검토를 통해 자의적으로 국가 안보의 범위를 넓게 정의하여 남용된 조치에 대한 WTO 규제가 가능해야 한다. 안보예외 조항의 적용으로 정당화 되지 않는 232조 조치는 분쟁 시 GATT XX조와의 쟁점도 야기할 수 있는데, 이 때 물가 안정성 또는 산업 건전성과 같은 포괄적인 경제 안보의 개념을 적용한 조치에 대한 WTO의 대응 능력에 대해서도 생각해 볼 수 있다. 미국 232조 수입조치에 대한 통상법적 쟁점의 분석은 WTO 체제에서 일반예외 조항과 안보예외 조항 사이에서 무역과 안보의 관계가 어떻게 정립되어야 하는 지에 대한 시사점을 보다 구체적인 사례 적용을 통해 제공한다.
Abstract
US section 232 investigation is not easily initiated as it refers to emergency circumstances with a threat on national security issues. However once initiated, the governing rule allows much deference to the investigating authority to define what constitutes national security threat and also much power to the executive branch on implementing a measure. Without sufficient regulating mechanism, Section 232 investigation can become a even more effective protectionist measure than existing trade remedy system. The regulatory efficiency of Security Exceptions is dependent on the panel’s capacity to obtain its terms of reference over GATT Article XXI, despite its alleged self-judging language. Strict application of GATT Article XXI will not allow any section 232 measure based on the application of broad and general concept of national security to succeed in its defense. At the same time, reviewing the legal issues arising from the application of GATT General Exceptions on potential section 232 measure for further defense provides implications to the capacity of the WTO on governing other comprehensive security issues. The legal analysis of a potential Section 232 measure against GATT Articles XX and XXI provides insights on how to refine the relationship between trade and security in the WTO system.
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