일본 전통 도시주거 마치야의 유형학적 계보 -아틀리에 바우와우의 도시 리서치와 디자인 프로젝트를 중심으로-

Abstract

(Background and Purpose) The modernization and rapid urban growth process of the 20th century remains in the present with various results. Japan is looking to the past to search for solutions to the question of what architectural form can maintain orderly cityscape and encourage human interaction in a changing social environment. As one of these methods, ‘machiya’, the traditional urban housing, has been discussed with an eye on the organic urban structure that connects the city and housings. This study aims to illustrate the sociocultural meaning that machiya typology provides today by examining the genealogy of machiya based on the urban research and design projects of Atelier Bow-Wow. (Research Method) Firstly, as a theoretical background, it addresses the concept of architectural type and typology, and genealogy as a means of understanding the process of changes in the architectural type. Secondly, it clarifies formal elements such as building arrangement/ planing layout/ roof type/ facade, and the residential culture of machiya as a place for work and daily life that stems from its relationship with the city. Thirdly, it examines “Generational Typology”, the urban research specifically in Kanazawa Atelier Bow-Wow surveyed the modifications of machiya from its original formula in response to social and environmental changes. Fourthly, it analyzes the design projects of Atelier Bow-Wow that reposition the lifestyle of machiya into the contemporary context. (Results) Based on the typical characteristics of machiya and contemporary designs discussed from a perspective of genealogy, the sociocultural values that machiya typology provides today are summarized as follows. Firstly, machiya is an architectural system that defines the relation between the user and the way of living. Machiya is a housing type that proposes a new lifestyle for today with integrating work and life by rearranging customary and cultural behaviors. Secondly, machiya is an architectural style that traditionally retains the ownership, but is considered a social resource rather than the exclusive private domain of an individual or family. Machiya is a housing type that restores community relations and make people interact with one another. Thirdly, machiya is an organic system connecting buildings as well as a single building unit. Machiya is a housing type that creates a unique landscape integrating with the region and promotes urban order. (Conclusions) This study is meaningful in presenting a urban housing theory and practice that inherits the long-standing way of life and the distinctive urban structures of the region based on the typological genealogy of machiya.