도시건축유형학으로서 일본 틈새 주거의 디자인특성에 관한 연구 -아틀리에 바우와우의‘보이드 메타볼리즘’을 중심으로-
A study on the Design Characteristics of the Houses Built on Gap as a Urban Architectural Typology -focusing on ‘Void Metabolism’of Atelier Bow-Wow
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일본의 도시건축문화에서 틈새 주거는 사회경제적 산물일 뿐만 아니라 주택을 양적으로 늘려 주거공급을 확대하는 수단이다. 이 연구는 아틀리에 바우와우의 도시건축이론에 기초하여 틈새 주거유형의디자인특성을 고찰함으로써 각 유형의 질적 특성과 사회적 의미를 조명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구의 범위는 첫째, 도쿄를 중심으로 현대화와 경제성장 과정이 어떻게 도시 공간조직을 변형시켰는가를개괄하고, 오늘날의 주거문제를 잉태하는 20세기 도시변화를 살펴본다. 둘째, 연구의 토대로서 아틀리에 바우와우의 도시건축이론인 ‘보이드 메타볼리즘’을 고찰한다. 셋째, 보이드 메타볼리즘에 근거한 틈새 주거유형으로서 ‘펫 아키텍처’, ‘서브디버번과 제4세대 주거’, ‘마치야’를 논한다. 넷째, 틈새 주거디자인 사례연구로서 세 유형의 특성을 실증적으로 나타내는 프로젝트를 선정하여 건축디자인개념, 공간프로그램, 디자인 전략체계를 분석한다. 연구의 결과로서 틈새 주거 세 가지 유형의 질적 특성은 다음과 같다. 1) ‘펫 아키텍처’는 도시 콘텍스트 변화에 대한 공간적 타협과 중재적 특성, 그리고 자생적으로 성장하는 유기적 도시기반의 일시적 건물이라는 면에서 친환경적 틈새 주거유형이다. 2) ‘제4세대 주거’는 오래된 주거지역에서 이웃 간의 만남과 외부 접촉을 장려함으로써 지역의 생활 방식을 유지하고 세대 통합 커뮤니티를 활성화하는 틈새 주거유형이다. 3) ‘마치야’는 가로와 주거의 관계에서부지의 더욱 좁아지는 파사드에 대응하여 전통과 현대의 하이브리드 생활공간을 창조하는 실용적 틈새 주거유형이다. 이 연구는 건축 유형학으로서 ‘틈새 주거’와 그 유형적 특성에 대한 이해를 바탕으로, 오늘의 도시주거문제에 대응하는 일본의 디자인방법론을 제시한 것에 그 의의를 두고자 한다.
Abstract
‘The houses built on gap’ are not only socio-economic products but also a method for expansion of housing supply in Japanese urban architectural culture. This study aims to shed light on qualitative characteristics and social meanings of architectural types of the houses built on gap by considering design characteristics of the types based on urban architectural theories of Atelier Bow-Wow. The process of this study is illustrated as follows: At first, centering on Tokyo, it mentions how modernization and economic growth had changed urban spacial tissues and explores 20th century’s urban changes which had conceived today’s housing problems. Secondly, it examines ‘Void Metabolism’ which is an urban architectural theory of Atelier Bow-Wow as the foundation of this study. Thirdly, it discusses about ‘Pet Architecture’, ‘Subdivurban and Fourth-Generation House’ and ‘Machiya’ as the architectural types of the houses built on gap grounded in Void Metabolism. Fourthly, it selects representative examples which demonstrate three types, and analyses architectural design concepts, space programs, and design strategies. As the result of the study, the qualitative characteristics of houses built on gap are summarized as follows: 1) ‘Pet Architecture’ is a environmental friendly housing type in terms of spacial compromise and reconcilable character corresponding to changing urban context, and temporal building on the organic relation to the self-growing city. 2) ‘The Fourth Generation House’ is a housing type to maintain regional lifestyle and activate community for intergenerational integration by encouraging interaction between neighbors in residential areas. 3) ‘Machiya’ is a practical housing type creating hybrid living space between tradition and today corresponded with narrower facade of the sites than before in urban context. In conclusion, it makes clear this study is meaningful in suggesting a Japanese design method that responds to today’s housing problems based on the ‘houses built on gap’ as the architectural typology and their typological characteristics.
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