본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

The Relationship between Neighborhood Crime Levels and Police Use of Force: A Test of Different Types of Neighborhood Crimes at the Micro Level of Geographic Aggregation

0

조회

0

다운로드

1

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류법학

초록

Research has shown that individual, situational, organizational, and contextual factors determine the levels of police force. Among these factors, neighborhood contextual factors have gained a considerable amount of attentions, relating neighborhood crime levels and police force. Prior research mainly examined the relationship either at the police district level or at the city level. Previous inquiries were also limited to a portion of criminal activities in neighborhoods, blurring the exact impact of neighborhood crime on police force. Using Geographic Information System techniques, the current study utilized 500 feet radial buffer zones around each use of force incident location to measure the impact of neighborhood criminal activities at the micro level on the amount of police force used. The current study found that neighborhood violent and drug-related crime levels had the positive effect of increasing levels of police force at the micro level.

Abstract

Research has shown that individual, situational, organizational, and contextual factors determine the levels of police force. Among these factors, neighborhood contextual factors have gained a considerable amount of attentions, relating neighborhood crime levels and police force. Prior research mainly examined the relationship either at the police district level or at the city level. Previous inquiries were also limited to a portion of criminal activities in neighborhoods, blurring the exact impact of neighborhood crime on police force. Using Geographic Information System techniques, the current study utilized 500 feet radial buffer zones around each use of force incident location to measure the impact of neighborhood criminal activities at the micro level on the amount of police force used. The current study found that neighborhood violent and drug-related crime levels had the positive effect of increasing levels of police force at the micro level.

참고문헌 (81)

  1. Aamodt, M. G., "Research in law enforcement selection" (2004), Brown Walker Press
  2. Alpert, G. P., "Interactive police-citizen encounters that result in force", Police Quarterly, 7(4), pp.475~488 (2004)
  3. Alpert, G. P., "Police use of force : An analysis of organizational characteristics", Justice Quarterly, 18(2), pp.393~409 (2001)
  4. Bayley, D. H., "Minorities and the police : Confrontation in America" (1969), Free Press
  5. Binder, A., "Use of deadly force by police officers : Final report" (1982), National Institute of Justice
  6. Black, D. J., "The behavior of law" (1976), Academic Press
  7. Blalock, H. M., "Toward a theory of minority group relations" (1967), Wiley
  8. Blumberg, M., "The use of firearms by police officers: The impact of individuals, communities, and race", Doctor, pp.1983
  9. Brandl, S. G., "Toward an understanding of the physical hazards of police work", Police Quarterly, 6(2), pp.172~191 (2003)
  10. Chevigny, P., "Police abuses in New York City" (1969), Vintage Books
  11. Report of the independent commission on the Los Angeles Police Department, "Christopher Commission.", Independent Commission on the Los Angeles Police Department, ~ (1991)
  12. Cohen, B., "Police background characteristics and performance" (1972), Rand
  13. Crawford, C., "Predictors of the police use of force : The application of a continuum perspective in Phoenix", Police Quarterly, 1(4), pp.41~63 (1998)
  14. Croft, E. B., "Police use of force: An empirical analysis", Doctor, pp.1985
  15. Durose, M. R., "Contacts between police and the public, 2005" (2007), Bureau of Justice Statistics
  16. Engel, R. S., "Further exploration of the demeanor hypothesis : The interaction effects of suspect’s characteristics and demeanor on police behavior", Justice Quarterly, 17(2), pp.235~258 (2000)
  17. "2008 crime in the United States: Arrests" (2010)[URL]
  18. "Crime in the United States 2013: Estimated number of arrests" (2015)[URL]
  19. Friedrich, R. J., "November). Police use of force : Individuals, situations, and organizations", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 452, pp.82~97 (1980)
  20. Fyfe, J. J., "Shots fired: An examination of New York City Police firearms discharges", Doctor, pp.1978
  21. Fyfe, J. J., "Violent transactions: The limits of personality", pp.207~223 (1986), Basil Blackwell
  22. Garner, J. H., "Understanding the use of force by and against the police" (1996), National Institute of Justice, U. S. Department of Justice
  23. Garner, J. H., "Characteristics associated with the prevalence and severity of force used by the police", Justice Quarterly, 19(4), pp.705~746 (2002)
  24. Garner, J. H., "Measuring the continuum of force used by and against the police", Criminal Justice Review, 20(2), pp.146~168 (1995)
  25. Geller, W. A., "Split-second decisions : Shootings of and by Chicago police" (1981), Chicago Law Enforcement Study Group
  26. Grennan, S. E., "Findings on the role of officer gender in violent encounters with citizens", Journal of Police Science and Administration, 15(1), pp.78~85 (1987)
  27. Hails, J., "Police training and specialized approaches to respond to people with mental illnesses", Crime and Delinquency, 49(1), pp.52~61 (2003)
  28. Holmes, S. T., "Individual and situational determinants of police force : An examination of threat presentation", American Journal of Criminal Justice, 23(1), pp.83~106 (1998)
  29. Horvath, F., "Police use of deadly force : A description of selected characteristics of intrastate incidents", Journal of Police Science and Administration, 15(3), pp.226~238 (1987)
  30. Hunt, J., "Police accounts of normal force", Urban Life, 13(4), pp.315~341 (1985)
  31. International Association of Chiefs of Police., "Police use of force in America, 2001", International Association of Chiefs of Police, ~ (2001)
  32. Jacobs, D., "The determinants of deadly force : A structural analysis of police violence", American Journal of Sociology, 103(4), pp.837~862 (1998)
  33. Kaminski, R. J., "The use of force between the police and persons with impaired judgment", Police Quarterly, 7(3), pp.311~338 (2004)
  34. Kaminski, R. J., "A multivariate analysis of individual, situational, and environmental factors associated with police assault injuries", American Journal of Police, 14(3, pp.4) (1995), 3~48
  35. Kania, R. R. E., "Police violence as a function of community characteristics", Criminology, 15(1), pp.27~48 (1977)
  36. Kappeler, V. E., "Critical issues in police civil liability" (2006), Waveland
  37. Kappeler, V. E., "Forces of deviance : Understanding the dark side of policing" (1998), Waveland
  38. Kavanagh, J., "The occurrence of force in arrest encounters", Doctor, pp.1994
  39. Klinger, D. A., "Negotiating order in patrol work : An ecological theory of police response to deviance", Criminology, 35(2), pp.277~306 (1997)
  40. Kop, N., "Occupational stress and the use of force by Dutch police officers", Criminal Justice and Behavior, 28(5), pp.631~652 (2001)
  41. MacDonald, J. M., "Police use of force : Examining the relationship between calls for service and the balance of police force and suspect resistance", Journal of Criminal Justice, 31(2), pp.119~127 (2003)
  42. Margarita, M. C., "Criminal violence against police", Doctor, pp.1980
  43. Mastrofski, S. D., "Police disrespect toward the public : An encounter-based analysis", Criminology, 40(3), pp.519~552 (2002)
  44. McCluskey, J. D., "Peer group aggressiveness and the use of coercion in police-suspect encounters", Police Practice and Research, 6(1), pp.19~37 (2005)
  45. McElvain, J. P., "Police officer characteristics and internal affairs investigations for use of force allegations", Journal of Criminal Justice, 32(3), pp.265~279 (2004)
  46. Morabito, E. V., "Police use of less-than-lethal force : Oleoresin capsicum(OC)spray", Policing : An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 20(4), pp.680~697 (1997)
  47. Lawton, B. A., "Levels of nonlethal force reported by Philadelphia police officers: Officer, citizen, and contextual influences", Doctor, pp.2006
  48. Lawton, B. A., "Levels of nonlethal force : An examination of individual, situational, and contextual factors", Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 44(2), pp.163~184 (2007)
  49. Lee, H., "An examination of police use of force utilizing police training and neighborhood contextual factors : A multilevel analysis", Policing : An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 33(4), pp.681~702 (2010)
  50. Lee, H., "Organizational factors that contribute to police deadly force liability", Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(2), pp.193~206 (2010)
  51. Lee, H., "The impact of neighborhood crime levels on police use of force : An examination at micro and meso levels", Journal of Criminal Justice, 42(6), pp.491~499 (2014)
  52. 임혜영, "The Impact of Supervision and Neighborhood Context on Police Use of Less-Lethal Force : A Multi-Level Analysis", 경찰학연구, 14(2), pp.155~182 (2014), 경찰대학
  53. MacDonald, J. M., "Police use of force : Examining the relationship between calls for service and the balance of police force and suspect resistance", Journal of Criminal Justice, 31(2), pp.119~127 (2003)
  54. McCluskey, J. D., "Departmental and citizen complaints as predictors of police coercion", Policing : An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 28(3), pp.513~529 (2005)
  55. McCluskey, J. D., "Peer group aggressiveness and the use of coercion in police-suspect encounters", Police Practice and Research, 6(1), pp.19~37 (2005)
  56. McElvain, J. P., "Police officer characteristics and internal affairs investigations for use of force allegations", Journal of Criminal Justice, 32(3), pp.265~279 (2004)
  57. McElvain, J. P., "Police officer characteristics and the likelihood of using deadly force", Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(4), pp.505~521 (2008)
  58. Milton, C. M., "Police use of deadly force" (1977), Police Foundation
  59. Paoline, E. A., "Women police officers and the use of coercion", Women and Criminal Justice, 15(3, pp.4) (2004), 97~119
  60. Paoline, E. A., "Police education, experience, and the use of force", Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(2), pp.179~196 (2007)
  61. Phillips, S., "Brutal borders? Examining the treatment of deportees during arrest and detention", Social Forces, 85(1), pp.93~109 (2006)
  62. Phillips, S., "Brutality at the border? Use of force in the arrest of immigrants in the United States", International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 30(4), pp.285~306 (2002)
  63. Phillips, T., "Police violence occasioning citizen complaint : An empirical analysis of time-space dynamics", British Journal of Criminology, 40(3), pp.480~496 (2000)
  64. Rydberg, J., "The effect of higher education on police behavior", Police Quarterly, 13(1), pp.92~120 (2010)
  65. Sherman, L. W., "Causes of police behavior : The current state of quantitative research", Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 17(1), pp.69~100 (1980)
  66. Skolnick, J. H., "Above the law : Police and the excessive use of force" (1993), Free Press
  67. Smith, D. A., "Communities and crime", pp.314~341 (1986), University of Chicago Press
  68. Sorenson, J. R., "Factors related to killings of felons by police officers : A test of the community violence and conflict hypotheses", Justice Quarterly, 10(3), pp.417~440 (1993)
  69. Stetser, M., "The use of force in police control of violence : Incidents resulting in assaults on officers" (2001), LFB Scholarly Publishing
  70. Sun, I. Y., "Racial differences in resolving conflicts : A comparison between black and white police officers", Crime and Delinquency, 50(4), pp.516~541 (2004)
  71. Sung, H. -E., "The fragmentation of policing in American cities : Toward an ecological theory of police-citizen relations" (2002), Praeger
  72. Taylor, B. G., "ADAM preliminary 2000 findings on drug use and drug markets-Adult male arrestee" (2001), National Institute of Justice
  73. Terrill, W., "Police coercion : Application of the force continuum" (2001), LFB Scholarly Publishing
  74. Terrill, W., "Police use of force and suspect resistance : The micro process of the police-suspect encounter", Police Quarterly, 6(1), pp.51~83 (2003)
  75. Terrill, W., "Situational and officer-based determinants of police coercion", Justice Quarterly, 19(2), pp.215~248 (2002)
  76. Terrill, W., "Police culture and coercion", Criminology, 41(4), pp.1003~1034 (2003)
  77. Terrill, W., "Neighborhood context and police use of force", Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 40(3), pp.291~321 (2003)
  78. Toch, H., "Violent men : An inquiry into the psychology of violence" (1969), Schenkman
  79. Worden, R. E., "Situational and attitudinal explanation of police behavior : A The Relationship between Neighborhood Crime Levels and Police Use of Force 173 theoretical reappraisal and empirical assessment", Law and Society Review, 23(4), pp.667~711 (1989)
  80. Worden, R. E., "A badge and a baccalaureate : Policies, hypotheses, and further evidence", Justice Quarterly, 7(3), pp.565~592 (1990)
  81. Worden, R. E., "And justice for all: Understanding and controlling police abuse of force", pp.31~60 (1995), Police Executive Research Forum

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (4건)