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EU 및 바젤은행감독위원회의 은행감독법제에 관한 고찰 - 감독체제·기능 및 경기대응완충자본(CCyB)법제 등을 중심으로 -

A Study on the Banking Supervisory Laws of the EU and Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) - Focused on the supervisory system and functions and countercyclical capital buffer (CCyB) legislation

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초록

금융투자상품과 전통적인 은행예금 간의 결합현상이 두드러지고 있는 오늘날에는 은행감독법제의 유럽화 및 국제화현상이 두드러지고 있다. 유럽화현상의 대표적인 예로는 2012년부터 시작된 새로운 단일은행감독체제를 들 수 있다. 이 체제에서는 유럽중앙은행이 궁극적인 책임을 진다. 또한 유럽은행감독기관도 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 국제화 현상과 관련하여서는 조약에 근거가 없음에도 불구하고 각국의 전문감독당국 간의 연계조직이 존재한다는 점이 주목되는데, 가운데 가장 영향력이 강한 조직이 바젤은행감독위원회이다. 이러한 기본적인 변화를 토대로 이 글에서는 ① EU의 단일은행감독체제의 내용, ② 단일은행감독체제상 유럽중앙은행과 회원국감독당국 간의 관계 및 ③ 유럽은행감독기관과 회원국감독당국 간의 관계에 대하여 분석하고 있다. 그리고 바젤은행감독위원회는 거시건전성 감독을 위한 하나의 수단으로서 경기대응완충자본을 적립하도록 요구하고 있는데, 이 글에서는 동 자본의 운영현황과 주요내용에 대하여도 살펴보고 있다. 마지막으로는 EU의 은행감독법제변화에 따라 우리나라와 EU 간의 경제협정 또는 금융서비스분야에 관한 협정을 체결하거나 개정할 때에 고려하여야할 사항 및 바젤은행감독위원회의 경기대응완충자본 제도운영과 관련된 향후의 유의점을 정리하고 있다.

Abstract

Europeanization and internationalization of the banking supervisory system is becoming increasingly evident with today’s prominence of the combination of financial investment products and traditional bank deposits. A representative example of Europeanization is the establishment in 2012 of the new Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM). In this system, the European Central Bank (ECB) has ultimate responsibility, while the European Banking Authority (EBA) also plays an important role. In relation to internationalization, despite the absence of any treaty, it is noteworthy that links have been formed between the specialized supervisory authorities of each country, among which the most influential organization is the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS). Based on these basic changes, this article discusses ① the details of the SSM of the European Union (EU), ② the relationship between the ECB and the competent supervisors of member countries under the SSM, and ③ the relationship between the EBA and the supervisory authorities of the member countries. In addition, the BCBS requires that a countercyclical capital buffer (CCyB) be set up as a means for macro-prudential supervision, and this article also examines the current status of capital operations and main contents in relation to the CCyB. Finally, in accordance with changes in the EU’s banking supervisory laws, this article also points out matters to be considered when concluding or revising the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) or the Financial Services Partnership Agreement (FSPA) between Korea and the EU and with regard to the CCyB of the BCBS.

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