요가 철학에서의 심(vitarka)과 사(vicāra)

Abstract

This paper examines the concepts of vitarka and vicāra in the samādhi system of the Yogasūtra, the fundamental text of yogic philosophy. Patañjali mentions two systems of samādhi in Chapter 1 of the Yogasūtra. One is divided into saṃprajñāta samādhi and asaṃprajñāta samādhi according to the presence or absence of an object of meditation, and the former is classified into four types: savitarkā, savicārā, ānanda, and asmitā. The other is divided into sabīja samādhi and nirbīja samādhi depending on the presence or absence of seeds(bīja). The former divides only the vitarka and vicāra into four types: savitarkā, nirvitarkāi, savicārā, and nirvicārā. When we look at these two systems, there is a common concept. It is the mind (vitarka) and thoughts(vicāra). This is a concept that also appears in the Buddhist dhyāna system. What do vitarka and vicāra specifically mean? In Abhidharma Buddhism, it is included in the non-conscious dharma, which is one of the six mental functions mentioned above, and the nature of good and bad, etc., is not determined. Then, why do these psychological elements appear in the state of samadhi in yoga and Buddhist philosophy, and why are they necessary? In this paper, I will discuss the concepts of vitarka and vicāra in yoga philosophy, focusing on Chapter 1 of the Yogasūtra. However, unlike other Buddhist scriptures, the Yogasūtra and Yogasūtrabhāșya do not discuss the meaning of this in detail. It is probably because they borrowed concepts that are well explained in Buddhism and omitted specific explanations. Therefore, this paper aims to understand the concepts of vitarka and vicāra mentioned in the samadhi system of the Yogasūtra through the understanding of vitarka and vicāra mentioned in various Buddhist treatises. In addition, I will briefly compare and examine the differences between the concepts of vitarka and vicāra mentioned in the Yogasūtra and those mentioned in Buddhism.