손자녀 양육이 고령자의 건강에 미치는 효과: 도구변수 분석법을 활용하여
Impacts of grandchildren caregiving on the health of grandparents : an instrumental variable approach
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초록
본 연구는 고령화연구패널조사 (KLoSA) 2차-5차 데이터를 활용하여 한국에서의 손자녀 양육이 고령자에게 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 실증 분석에 있어서 손자녀 양육과 고령자의 건강상태 간 인과관계를 밝혀내기 위해 도구변수를 활용하였다. 분석 결과, 손자녀 양육은 고령자들의 심리적, 신체적 건강상태를 개선시키는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 주관적 건강상태, 자녀와의 관계 만족도, 삶의 질 만족도 등의 심리적 건강과 인지기능을 개선시켰으며 우울감에는 큰 영향을 미치지 못한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 또한 이러한 효과는 65세 이상의 고령자, 자녀와 동거를 하지 않는 경우, 일상생활 수행능력 및 도구적 일상생활 수행능력에 제한이 있는 경우에는 나타나지 않았다. 이는 이들이 다른 그룹에 비해 손자녀 양육으로 인한 신체적 부담이 크며 손자녀 양육이 용이하지 않기 때문인 것으로 여겨진다. 또한, 여러 건강상태들 중 인지기능은 장기적으로도 개선되는 효과를 보였으며, 양육 여부(extensive margin)가 아닌 양육 시간(intensive margin)에 따른 추가적 건강개선 효과는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 고령자의 손자녀 양육이 맞벌이 부부 자녀의 양육 부담 완화와 더불어 고령자의 건강상태에 긍정적인 역할을 할 수 있음을 시사한다.
Abstract
We analyzed the impact of grandchildren caregiving on the health of grandparents using data from Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA). In the analysis, we implement instrumental variable fixed effect (IV-FE) models to account for endogeneity of caregiving decisions. The results show that grandparents’caregiving improved their mental and physical health. Grandparents’caregiving particularly increased grandparents’subjective health, satisfaction of life and relationship with their children. It, however, have little influence on depressive symptoms. These positive impacts do not equally apply to grandparents who are older than 65, not co-residing with their children, and having a limitation with I/ADL. In addition, the results suggest that the positive impacts of caregiving on cognitive ability persist in the long run. This paper sheds light on childcare policies that uses grandchildren care as a complimentary option that helps reduce burdens of childcare for dual-career families.
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