디지털 금융 확산의 영향과 디지털 금융소외 원인 분석
Analysis on the Effects of Financial Inclusion and Causes of Digital Financial Exclusion
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본 연구는 금융시장에서 IT 기술혁신의 결과로 나타나는 디지털 금융 확산의 거시경제적 영향과 디지털 금융소외 현상의 발생 원인을 미시적 차원에서 분석하였다. 우리나라를 포함한 아시아 35개 국가를 대상으로 1990년부터 2021년까지의 국가패널 자료를 분석한 결과 디지털 금융의 확산으로 소비자금융의 접근성이 높아져 빈곤률이 감소하고 소득분배가 개선되는 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 이러한 긍정적인 효과와 함께 신기술 이용상의 격차를 가져오는 디지털 디바이드로 인해 디지털 금융포용의 긍정적 효과가 감소할 가능성도 제기되었다. 디지털 디바이드의 확대로 인한 디지털 금융소외 현상을 분석하기 위해 우리나라 금융소비자 설문조사를 수행하여 분석한 결과, 디지털 금융소외는 낮은 소득이나 고연령, 성별과 같은 인구 사회학적 요소들은 물론 대출이나 디지털 금융 관련 서비스가 금융회사로부터 충분히 제공되지 않을 경우 발생할 가능성이 높음을 확인하였다. 이와 같은 결과는 주로 금융소외 현상이 금융소비자의 연령이나 성별, 소득, 교육 수준, 직업 등 개인적 상황에만 국한된 게 아니라 금융회사의 기본적인 대출 서비스나 디지털 금융서비스가 소비자들에게 제대로 제공되지 않을 경우 디지털 금융소외 현상이 발생할 수 있음을 시사한다. 본 연구결과는 기술혁신에 따라 디지털 디바이드라는 계층간 기술이용 격차의 발생이 금융혁신의 긍정적 결과를 줄일 수 있음을 나타내므로 국가적 차원의 디지털 디바이드 축소 노력과 함께 향후 디지털 금융소외를 줄이기 위해 금융소비자의 디지털 금융 접근성 제고를 위한 금융회사의 적극적인 맞춤형 서비스 제공 노력 역시 필요함을 시사한다.
Abstract
Recently, as the possibility of fintech becoming a reality has increased in the financial market, the need for research on the impact of such technological innovations has been raised. However, despite the need for such research, the AI era has not yet been fully introduced into the real economy and society, and discussions about its impact are generally not based on actual evidence. Accordingly, this study examines the impact of the spread of digital finance, such as fintech, which is a recent hot topic in the financial market, especially the concept of digital financial exclusion, and analyzes the effect of the spread of digital finance through country panel and survey data. As a result of the analysis, the effect of the introduction and spread of digital finance using the national panel appears to be both light and dark. On the positive side, the spread of digital finance expands financial inclusion, which has a positive effect of increasing the growth rate or reducing the poverty rate. In addition, on the negative side, it appears that this effect may be reduced due to the digital divide, but the effect was not found to be statistically significant. In order to analyze the phenomenon of digital financial exclusion that has not yet occurred and is not defined, we defined and analyzed a proxy variable for the concept of digital financial exclusion using survey data. As a result, the possibility of such digital financial exclusion is determined by factors such as age and gender. It was confirmed that it can vary depending on not only socio-demographic variables but also the services provided by financial institutions. In other words, it was confirmed that digital financial exclusion can be caused not only by the financially excluded person's own demographic and economic factors but also by the financial company that causes exclusion. Results like this are mainly due to the fact that when various types of financial exclusion phenomenon have occurred, not only in terms of the financially excluded person's own problems such as age, gender, income, education level, and occupation, but also in terms of the service itself provided by financial companies. This suggests that digital financial exclusion may also occur. Therefore, in order to reduce digital financial exclusion in the future, this study emphasizes that it is necessary not only to provide support such as digital finance-related education to the affected people, but also to make efforts at the service provider level to actively eliminate this at financial companies.
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