원수정기 동방속주에서의 군대 주둔과 도시화
Military logistics and urbanisation in the eastern provinces of Rome
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본 논문은 원수정기 로마군과 병참제도가 동부속주(카파도키아, 시리아, 메소포타미아, 유다이아, 아라비아, 이집트 등)에서의 도시화와 경제성장에 미친 영향에 대해 조사한다. 로마군의 병참제도는, 물론 받아들이는 입장에 따라 다를 수 있겠지만, 제도적으로는 서부속주와 동부속주에 별다른 차이 없이 적용되었다. 현금과 현물로 거둬지는 세금은 평시 병참제도의 근간을 이루었고, 군과 민간에 공히 공급되었다. 전시와 같은 긴급 상황에서는 추가적인 징발이 이뤄졌는데, 균일가이긴 해도 국가가 주도하는 구매 방식을 보여주었다. 강제 착취의 의미로 사용되고 있는 식량 징발(annona), 수송수단 징발(angareia), 숙박시설 징발(hospitium) 등은 아우구스투스 시기부터 체계화된 병참제도의 일부였으며, 이러한 징발 요구 자체가 민간에 대한 제도적인 착취를 의미한 것은 아니었다. 문제는 사적인 차원에서 벌어지는 제도의 불법적인 남용에 있었다. 그러나 제국 당국은 민간에서 올라오는 탄원을 억압하거나 무시하지 않았고, 그러한 남용을 막을 수 있는 적절한 규제방안을 내놓으려 노력했다. 이러한 당국 차원의 규제가 어느 정도 실질적인 효과를 가져왔는지는 속단할 수 없지만, 적어도 동부속주의 도시와 경제는 로마 지배 하에서 계속적으로 성장해나갔다. 동부속주에서 대부분의 전략적 요충지에는 반드시 도시가 들어서 있었다. 따라서 군부대가 원활한 병참지원을 위해 도시 인근에 주둔하는 것은 자연스러운 일이었다. 그리고 도시 발전은, 부대가 인근에 주둔했다는 사실만으로 특별히 방해받지는 않았다. 고고학 발굴을 통해 밝혀진 로마군 군영과 요새들의 위치는 절반 이상 도시 성벽 바깥에 존재했고, 도시 내부에 존재하는 경우에도 기존에 존재하던 주둔지를 재활용해 민간과의 갈등을 최소화했다. 일반적인 상황에서 로마 군영이 민간영역을 침범하는 경우는 흔치 않았고, 일정한 거리가 유지됐다. 동부속주에서도 적지 않은 도시가 서부속주에서의 도시화 모델처럼 군영 주변에 생겨나기 시작한 정착지를 중심으로 발전해 도시를 이루었다. 이 도시들은 빠른 속도로 성장해 기존에 있던 속주의 주도와 대등한 수준으로 발전하기도 했다. 결론적으로, 원수정기 로마군과 병참제도 일체는 기존 주장처럼 동부속주의 도시화와 경제성장에 악영향을 미쳤다기보다는 오히려 일조한 부분이 많다고 할 수 있다.
Abstract
The principal aim of this article is to examine the impact of the Roman army and logistics system on urbanisation and the provincial economy in the eastern provinces. The soldiers stationed in eastern cities are often criticised by ancient authors for their lax discipline and low morale, and numerous complaints are attested about abuses of the requisition system (annona militaris, hospitium, angareia). However, I reconsider the evidence for abuses of the requisition system to re-assess the idea that, unlike in the West, the Roman army in the East had a negative effect on civilians. Besides, I investigate to what extent military bases were located in or by existing cities, and to test the idea that relations in such contexts differed significantly between the eastern and western provinces. In the less urbanised West many cities developed out of the civilian settlements (vici and canabae) which grew up around military camps, and the army is typically seen as a driver of urbanisation and economic growth. In the East it made sense to station army units in or near already existing cities in order to facilitate supply. Using the available archaeological evidence from Cappadocia, Syria, Mesopotamia, Judaea, Arabia and Egypt, I also examine whether the army camps (legionary and auxiliary) were located inside or outside the city walls, and if they were within it, to what extent the army was encroaching on civilian space. Under the Principate the annona militaris, angareia, and hospitium formed a standing part of the general logistics system to supply the Roman army. These requisitions per se did not mean the institutional exploitation of civilians. It is true that sometimes in emergency situations like military campaigns, imperial visits, or famine, the extraordinary levies of grain, transport and accommodation could impose a heavy burden on civilians. However, at least these requisitions were covered, to a large extent, by the cash compensation arranged by the imperial government. The real problem was the abuse of requisitions committed at the individual level. As regulations and petitions attested, the imperial authorities did not ignore the petitions of provincials, but endeavoured to respond to them. Although these regulations were constantly re-enacted and thus were arguably not very effective in themselves, it was a dynamic situation where the constant re-enactment of regulations was a necessary process which meant that the level of abuses was by and large kept under control, and certainly never became such a chronic and severe problem as to weaken fundamentally the provincial economy. The economy of the Near East constantly developed under Roman rule. The development of the cities was not, it seems, stunted by the military presence near or within them. In normal situations, the Roman army camps did not encroach on civilian areas, but kept a certain distance from it. They were stationed close or adjacent to the cities rather than within them. In some cities, which already had appropriate space for the camps, or which had followed the western model of urbanisation, army units occupied a specific corner of them. On the individual level soldiers interacted frequently with civilians, and were major consumers invigorating the local economy. Many cities and towns developed from the settlements around the army camps and forts, as in the western urbanisation model.
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