Post-Gracchan Agrarian Laws 121-111 B.C. : The Italian Perspective
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Appian reports that shortly after the death of Caius Gracchus the Gracchan agrarian reforms were gradually abandoned by three laws that were subsequently enacted. Many modern studies have identified these post-Gracchan agrarian laws recorded in Appian with the lex Thoria mentioned in Cicero and the epigraphic lex agraria of 111. Despite this, the consequences of the post-Gracchan legislation on the Italian allies and on the ager publicus which remained in allied hands despite the Gracchan land distribution have received relatively little attention. In this paper, I will examine the post-Gracchan agrarian policesbetween 121 and 111 in the context of Italian interests. I will briefly discuss the contents and chronology of the post-Gracchan legislation which appears in above sources, but greater emphasis will be placed on the effects of the laws in the Italian countryside, in which the vulnerable situations of the Italian small farmers in the process of abolition of the Gracchan agrarian reforms will emerge. Further, the paper will address the problem of allied enjoyment of the ius commercii in this period with regard to their use of ager publicus.
Abstract
Appian reports that shortly after the death of Caius Gracchus the Gracchan agrarian reforms were gradually abandoned by three laws that were subsequently enacted. Many modern studies have identified these post-Gracchan agrarian laws recorded in Appian with the lex Thoria mentioned in Cicero and the epigraphic lex agraria of 111. Despite this, the consequences of the post-Gracchan legislation on the Italian allies and on the ager publicus which remained in allied hands despite the Gracchan land distribution have received relatively little attention. In this paper, I will examine the post-Gracchan agrarian policesbetween 121 and 111 in the context of Italian interests. I will briefly discuss the contents and chronology of the post-Gracchan legislation which appears in above sources, but greater emphasis will be placed on the effects of the laws in the Italian countryside, in which the vulnerable situations of the Italian small farmers in the process of abolition of the Gracchan agrarian reforms will emerge. Further, the paper will address the problem of allied enjoyment of the ius commercii in this period with regard to their use of ager publicus.
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