이집트 사자의 서와 구약성서의 ‘사후심판 및 자기 변증’ 비교 연구
A Comparative Study on ‘Afterlife Judgement and Self-Confession’ between the Egyptian Book of the Dead and the Old Testament
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초록
이 글은 이집트의 장례 주문을 담은 사자의 서에 나타난 사후심판과 자기 변증의 주제를 구약성서에서 어떻게 나타나 있는가를 비교 연구한다. 사자의 서 125장에는 사후심판의 장면과 사자가 자기 변증의 주문을 낭독한다. 자기 변증에는 긍정 고백과 부정고백이 낭송된다. 이 주제는 구약성서의 4개 본문(신 26장; 삼상 12장; 욥 29, 31장; 느 13)에 나타나 활용된다. 따라서 사자의 서는 구약성서에 나타난 1인칭 자기 변증 본문의 형성에 영향을 미쳤다고 결론 내릴 수 있다.
Abstract
It is commonly agreed that ancient Egyptians believed in the immortality of the dead, whereas ancient Israelites rejected the concept of an afterlife. Therefore ancient Egyptians developed very elaborate theories and practices regarding the dead from the Old Kingdom through to the Roman period. During the New Kingdom period, the most sophisticated type of theory, the so-called ‘Book of the Dead’ was written. This paper aims to compare ‘afterlife judgement and self confessions’ of the Egyptian Book of the Dead with those of the Old Testament. It analyzes the similarities and differences between the two books, and clarifies the significances of the themes in the Old Testament. The themes of afterlife and self-confession in the Book of the Dead are represented in chapter 125A and 125 where spells of afterlife judgement before Osiris are depicted. The spells can be categorized as positive confession and negative confession. The 42 negative confessions were highlighted. One of the wall paintings portrays a scene weighing the heart of the dead. If the weight of the heart of the dead is lighter than the feather of Maat, the dead can join the world of the gods. Otherwise the dead will be devoured by a monster called Ammit.
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