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Romaios Worshipping Isis: Defining Augustus in the Roman Province of Egypt

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한국서양고대역사문화학회 (THE KOREAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE WESTERN ANCIENT HISTORY AND CULTURE)|2022.12|서양고대사연구 (The Journal of Classical Studies)|제65호|pp. 133-171|DOI 10.20975/jcskor.2022..65.133

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참고문헌

키워드

이집트아우구스투스Augustus클레오파트라CleopatraIsisRoman Egypt이시스Cornelius Gallus코르넬리우스 갈루스
주제분류역사학

초록

This paper examines the complexity innate in defining the status of Augustus in the Roman province of Egypt during the transitional period of the early Principate. The propagandistic war that Octavian waged against Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony had Octavian adopting hostile attitudes toward Egypt, as attested in his refusal to visit the Apis bull and two cases of prohibition of the Egyptian rites inside the pomerium in the early phase of the Augustan Principate. After its annexation into the Roman Empire, however, the province of Egypt became the breadbasket of the Roman Empire. Recognizing its significance, Octavian marked the province of Egypt as exceptional by recruiting the praefectus Alexandriae et Aegypti from the equestrian class, thereby keeping senators or others who could threaten his authority from seizing this prosperous province. Nonetheless, both the Romans and the Egyptians seemed to have underestimated the special care that Octavian paid to the rule of Egypt. The first prefect of Egypt, Cornelius Gallus, encroached upon Augustus’ supreme authority by presenting himself not as an intermediary between Rome and Egypt, but as the de facto ruler of Egypt. By removing Cornelius Gallus from office, Augustus made it clear where the supreme authority lay without officially taking the crown as pharaoh. Without trying to understand Octavian’s efforts not to be seen as monarch in Rome, Egyptians visualized Octavian/Augustus as the new pharaoh who worshipped Isis and the other Egyptian gods on their temple reliefs. Augustus did not prohibit such depictions of himself in Egypt, partially because it was unlikely that the Roman people would have learned about them. At the same time, it must have been beneficial when ruling this province to let Egyptians locate the new ruler in the long tradition of divine kingship in the Hellenistic world. In sum, the early phase of the Roman rule of Egypt witnessed Augustus’ trials and errors in the peculiar province of Egypt and the efforts of the Egyptians to understand the new Roman rule in their own ways.

Abstract

This paper examines the complexity innate in defining the status of Augustus in the Roman province of Egypt during the transitional period of the early Principate. The propagandistic war that Octavian waged against Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony had Octavian adopting hostile attitudes toward Egypt, as attested in his refusal to visit the Apis bull and two cases of prohibition of the Egyptian rites inside the pomerium in the early phase of the Augustan Principate. After its annexation into the Roman Empire, however, the province of Egypt became the breadbasket of the Roman Empire. Recognizing its significance, Octavian marked the province of Egypt as exceptional by recruiting the praefectus Alexandriae et Aegypti from the equestrian class, thereby keeping senators or others who could threaten his authority from seizing this prosperous province. Nonetheless, both the Romans and the Egyptians seemed to have underestimated the special care that Octavian paid to the rule of Egypt. The first prefect of Egypt, Cornelius Gallus, encroached upon Augustus’ supreme authority by presenting himself not as an intermediary between Rome and Egypt, but as the de facto ruler of Egypt. By removing Cornelius Gallus from office, Augustus made it clear where the supreme authority lay without officially taking the crown as pharaoh. Without trying to understand Octavian’s efforts not to be seen as monarch in Rome, Egyptians visualized Octavian/Augustus as the new pharaoh who worshipped Isis and the other Egyptian gods on their temple reliefs. Augustus did not prohibit such depictions of himself in Egypt, partially because it was unlikely that the Roman people would have learned about them. At the same time, it must have been beneficial when ruling this province to let Egyptians locate the new ruler in the long tradition of divine kingship in the Hellenistic world. In sum, the early phase of the Roman rule of Egypt witnessed Augustus’ trials and errors in the peculiar province of Egypt and the efforts of the Egyptians to understand the new Roman rule in their own ways.

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