로마 제정 초기 상류층의 생활에서 빌라의 성격과 의미 : 소 플리니우스의 사례를 중심으로
The Significance of the Villa in Modus Vivendi of the Upper Class in the Early Roman Empire: Pliny the Younger’s Villas
0
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
소 플리니우스는 장문의 서한을 통해 자신이 소유한 두 빌라의 공간을 소개한다. 그가 그려내는 빌라의 공간은 호화롭다기보다는 우아하고 세련된 여가의 장이다. 빌라를 찾은 그는 산책, 목욕, 만찬, 승마, 사냥 등 다양한 활동들을 즐기지만, 무엇보다 강조하는 활동은 독서나 집필과 같은 지적 활동이다. 소 플리니우스의 여가는 나태와 무위로 점철된 비생산적 시간이 아니라 지적 생산 활동에 몰두할 수 있는 시간이다. 여가의 활용 방식뿐만 아니라 여가의 확보 방식 역시 소 플리니우스의 여가를 가치 있게 만든다. 열과 성을 다해 공적 의무를 이행함으로써 확보한 휴식이기 때문이다. 빌라에서 그가 누리는 여가는 모든 이들에게 열려 있는 무차별적 기회가 아니라 소수만이 누릴 수 있는 특권인 것이다. 빌라를 세련되고 지적인 여가의 공간으로 묘사하는 가운데 소 플리니우스는 의도적으로 그러한 삶을 지탱해주는 물적 생산 현장으로서의 빌라 공간을 배제한다. 빌라 서한은 물적 생산이나 노동과 관련된 영역들에 대해 침묵함으로써 그의 빌라를 우아한 은거지 내지 유쾌한 휴양의 장소로 증류한다. 하지만 <서한집> 속에 산재한 정보들은 빌라 서한에서 소개되는 공간과 그곳에서의 활동들이 빌라 생활의 전부가 아니라 일부였음을 강력하게 환기해준다. 지적 생산 활동에 매진하는 모습뿐만 아니라 포도 작황에 따른 대처, 노동력 관리, 토지 매매 등 현실적 문제들을 빌라 체류 시 처리해야 했던 소 플리니우스의 모습이 포착되기 때문이다. 빌라 경영과 관련된 문제를 처리하는 중 보여주는 그의 태도는 때때로 의도적 초연함과 진지한 관심 사이를 진동하지만, 우아한 빌라 생활이 물적 생산 활동 부분과 긴밀하게 결부되어 있었던 상황을 짐작하게 한다. 소 플리니우스가 빌라 서한에서 보여준 것은 아름다운 야외 만찬장과 대리석 별채와 같은 여가의 공간이지만 그것을 감당할 수 있게 한 것은 빌라의 물적 생산 공간이었기 때문이다. 간단히 말해, 로마 상류층의 빌라는 부의 향유 공간일 뿐만 아니라 부의 생산 공간이기도 했던 곳이다.
Abstract
Pliny the Younger introduces the two villas he owns through long letters. The villa he describes is an elegant and sophisticated leisure place rather than luxurious. After arriving at the villa, he enjoys various activities such as walking, bathing, dinner, horseback riding, and hunting, but the most important pursuits are intellectual activities such as reading and writing. Pliny the Younger's leisure is not unprofitable time dotted with idleness and inaction, but rather time to be immersed in intellectually productive activities. Not only the way leisure is used, but also the way it is secured makes Pliny the Younger's leisure valuable. Because his rest is secured by fulfilling public duties with zeal and sincerity. The leisure he enjoys at the villa is not an indiscriminate opportunity open to all, but a privilege afforded to a few. While describing the villa as a space for sophisticated and intellectual leisure, Pliny the Younger deliberately avoids description of the villa as an economic production site that supports such a life. The letter about his villa distills his villa into an elegant retreat by being silent about areas related to material production or labor. However, the scattered information in The Epistulae strongly reminds us that the leisure space introduced in his letter about the villa and the activities there are not all, but only a part of the villa life. This is because Pliny the Younger, who has to deal with practical issues such as coping with the grape harvest, managing the labor force, and buying and selling land, as well as focusing on intellectual production activities, is captured by these affairs during his stay in the villa. His attitude while handling issues related to villa management sometimes oscillates between intentional aloofness and sincere interest, but suggests a situation in which elegant villa life is closely linked to material production activities. What Pliny the Younger shows in his letter about the villa is a space for leisure, including beautiful facilities such as a beautiful outdoor banquet hall and a marble outbuilding, but it is the villa's economic activity that makes it possible to afford it. Simply put, the villas of the upper class in Rome are not only a space for enjoying wealth, but also a space for producing wealth.
참고문헌 (66)
- 필립 아리에스, "사생활의 역사 1" (2002), 새물결
- Allison, P. M., "The Relationship between Wall-decoration and Room-type in Pompeian Houses : A Case Study of the Casa della Caccia Antica", Journal of Roman Archaeology, 5, pp.235~249 (1992)
- Anderson, J. K., "Hunting in the Ancient World" (1985), Univ. of California Press
- Bergmann, B., "Visualizing Pliny’s Villas", Journal of Roman Archaeology, 8, pp.406~420 (1995)
- Bodel, J., "Monumental Villas and Villa Monuments", Journal of Roman Archaeology, 10, pp.5~35 (1997)
- Braconi, P., "Mercator Placidissimus: The Tiber Valley in Antiquity", pp.105~121 (2009)
- Chinn, C. M., "Before Your Very Eyes: Pliny Epistulae 5, 6 and the Ancient Theory of Ekphrasis", Classical Philology, 102, pp.265~280 (2007)
- Clarke, J. R., "A Companion to Roman Architecture", pp.342~362 (2014), Blackwell Publishing
- Clarke, J. R., "‘Just Like Us’ : Cultural Constructions of Sexuality and Race in Roman Art", Art Bulletin, 78(4), pp.599~603 (1996)
- Clarke, J. R., "The House of Roman Italy, 100 B. C.-A. D. 250 : Ritual, Space, and Decoration" (1991), Univ. of California Press
- Cornell, T. J., "Urban Society in Roman Italy" (2017), Routledge
- D'Arms, J. H., "Romans on the Bay of Naples and Other Essays on Roman Campania" (2003), Edipuglia
- De Neeve, P. W., "A Roman Landowner and His Estates : Pliny the Younger", Athenaeum, 78, pp.363~402 (1990)
- Dewar, M., "Leisured Resistance : Villas, Literature and Politics in the Roman World" (2014), Bloomsbury
- Dunbabin, K. M. D., "Convivial Spaces : Dining and Entertainment in the Roman Villa", Journal of Roman Archaeology, 9, pp.66~80 (1996)
- Duncan-Jones, R., "The Economy of the Roman Empire" (1982), Cambridge Univ. Press
- du Prey, Pierre de la Ruffinière, "The Villas of Pliny from Antiquity to Posterity" (1994), Univ. of Chicago Press
- Eck, W., "Cum dignitate otium : Senatorial domus in Imperial Rome", Scripta Classica Israelica, 16, pp.162~190 (1997)
- Edwards, C., "The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome" (1993), Cambridge Univ. Press
- Finley, M. I., "The Ancient Economy" (1973), Univ. of California Press
- Finley, M. I., "Technological Innovation and Economic Progress in the Ancient World", Economic History Review, 18(1), pp.29~45 (1965)
- Frazer, A, "The Roman Villa : Villa Urbana" (1998)
- Gamberini, F., "Stylistic Theory and Practice in the Younger Pliny" (1983)
- Garnsey, P, "The Roman Empire : Economy, Society and Culture" (1987), Univ. of California Press
- George, M., "Elements of the Peristyle in Campanian Atria", Journal of Roman Archaeology, 11, pp.82~100 (1998)
- Gibson, R. K., "Man of High Empire : The Life of Pliny the Younger" (2020), Oxford Univ. Press
- Gibson, R. K., "Reading the Letters of Pliny the Younger : An Introduction" (2012), Cambridge Univ. Press
- Greene, K., "Technological Innovation and Economic Progress in the Ancient World : M. I. Finley Reconsidered", Economic History Review, 53(1), pp.29~59 (2000)
- Hindermann, J., "At Leisure with Pliny the Younger : Sidonius’s Second Book of the Epistulae as a Book of Otium", Journal of Late Antiquity, 13(1), pp.94~116 (2020)
- Hoffer, S. E., "The Anxiety of Pliny the Younger" (1999)
- Jashemski, W. F., "Gardens of the Roman Empire" (2018), Cambridge Univ. Press
- Kehoe, D., "Allocation of Risk and Investment on the Estates of Pliny the Younger", Chiron, 18, pp.15~42 (1988)
- Leach, E. W., "Otium as Luxuria: Economy of Status in the Younger Pliny’s Letters", Arethusa, 36, pp.147~165 (2003)
- MacDougall, E. B., "Ancient Roman Villa Gardens" (1987)
- Marzano, A., "The Roman Villa in the Mediterranean Basin : Late Republic to Late Antiquity" (2018), Cambridge Univ. Press
- Marzano, A., "Le jardin dans l’Antiquité", pp.195~244 (2014)
- Marzano, A., "Roman Villas in Central Italy : A Social and Economic History" (2007)
- Marzano, A., "A Tall Order : Writing the Social History of the Ancient World", pp.241~262 (2005)
- McEwen, I. K., "Housing Fame : In the Tuscan Villa of Pliny the Younger", RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics, 27, pp.11~24 (1995)
- Millar, F., "Caesar Augustus : Seven Aspects" (1984), Oxford Univ. Press
- Miziołek, J., "The Villa Laurentina of Pliny the Younger in an Eighteenth-Century Vision" (2016), L'Erma di Bretschneider
- Miziołek, J., "Das Originale der Kopie: Kopien als Produkte und Medien der Transformation von Antike", pp.223~245 (2010), de Gruyter
- Myers, K. S., "Docta Otia : Garden Ownership and Configurations of Leisure in Statius and Pliny the Younger", Arethusa, 38(1), pp.103~129 (2005)
- Peachin, M., "The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World" (2011), Oxford Univ. Press
- Purcell, N., "Wine and Wealth in Ancient Italy", Journal of Roman Studies, 75, pp.1~19 (1985)
- Riggsby, A. M., "Pliny in Space (and Time)", Arethusa, 36, pp.167~186 (2003)
- Riggsby, A. M., "‘Public’ and ‘Private’ in Roman Culture : The Case of the Cubiculum", Journal of Roman Archaeology, 10, pp.36~56 (1997)
- Rossiter, J. J., "A Shady Business : Building for the Seasons at Pliny’s Villas", Mouseion: Journal of the Classical Association of Canada, 3(3), pp.355~362 (2003)
- Sherwin-White, A. N., "The Letters of Pliny" (1966), Oxford Univ. Press
- Spinelli, A., "Beyond Social and Functional Interpretations of Wall Paintings : Mythological Imagery in the Tablinum at Pompeii and Herculaneum", Journal of Roman Archaeology, 35, pp.177~193 (2022)
- Takács, L., "Economic Strategies of a Roman Landowner–Pliny the Younger", Melita Classica, 2, pp.37~51 (2015)
- Tanzer, H. H., "The Villas of Pliny the Younger" (1924), Columbia Univ. Press
- Taplin, O., "Literature in the Roman World" (2000), Oxford Univ. Press
- Tchikine, A., "Francesco Ignazio Lazzari’s Discrizione della villa pliniana: Visions of Antiquity in the Landscape of Umbria" (2021)
- Toner, J. P., "Leisure and Ancient Rome" (1995), Polity Press
- Treggiari, S., "The Upper-class House as a Symbol and Focus of Emotion in Cicero", Journal of Roman Archaeology, 12, pp.33~56 (1999)
- Tybout, R. A., "Roman Wall-painting and Social Significance", Journal of Roman Archaeology, 14, pp.33~56 (2001)
- Van Buren, A. W., "Pliny’s Laurentine Villa", Journal of Roman Studies, 38, pp.35~36 (1948)
- Vidal, J. M., "Mercator Placidissimus: The Tiber Valley in Antiquity", pp.215~249 (2009)
- Visser, J., "Sidonius Apollinaris, Ep. II, 2 : The Man and His Villa", Journal for Late Antique Religion and Culture, 8, pp.26~45 (2014)
- Wallace-Hadrill, A., "Houses and Society in Pompeii and Herculaneum" (1994), Princeton Univ. Press
- Wallace-Hadrill, A., "The Social Structure of the Roman House", Papers of the British School at Rome, 56, pp.43~97 (1988)
- Wilson, A., "Mercator Placidissimus: The Tiber Valley in Antiquity", pp.731~768 (2009)
- Wiseman, T. P., "L'Urbs : espace urbain et histoire, Ier siècle av. J.-C. - IIIe siècle ap. J.-C", pp.393~413 (1987), École Française de Rome
- Zarmakoupi, M., "A Companion to Roman Architecture", pp.363~380 (2014), Blackwell Publishing
- Zarmakoupi, M., "Art, Industry and Infrastructure in Roman Pompeii" (2011), Oxbow Books
