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지질고고학적 연구에 기초한 농경 초현기 경작 방식의 검토 -중국과 근동 및 중·북부유럽을 중심으로-

A review on the cultivation modes for early agriculture in China, Near East, Central and Northern Europe from a geoarchaeological perspective

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초록

농경 초현기의 경작 방식 및 시간에 따른 전개과정은 기후환경, 토양, 작물의 종류 및 기술의 전파루트 등 변수들에 따라 지역별 변이가 크다. 재배식물의 종류를 인식하는 것에 더 나아가 경작 방식의 인지는 가용 경작기술의 이해, 농경과 관련된 토지 이용상, 농경의 지속성 및 이에 기반한 취락집단의 안정성과 밀접하게 관련되어 있다. 그런데 가장 이른 시기에 행해진 농경의 흔적은 물질문화상에서 확연히 남아있는 경우가 드문 편으로 이를 탐지하기 위한 시도는 식물유체의 연구를 선두로 하여 지질 및 환경고고학적연구방법에 의존하고 있으며, 이를 통해 다양한 초기 농경의 양상이 밝혀지고 있다. 본고에서는 경작지의 이용양상에 주목하여 현재 활발히 응용되고 있는 지질고고학적 연구방법의 원리를 간략히 소개하였다. 그리고 관련 연구성과를 기반으로 대표적 독립적 기원지인 중국 및 근동과 2차 중심지인 중부 및 북유럽에서의 초기 경작 방식과 농경지 이용상을 살펴보았다. 향후 한반도 신석기시대 농경의 형태와 토지이용상을 이해하고 다각도로 복원하는데 기초적인 참고자료로의 활용을 기대한다.

Abstract

There is a wide range of regional varieties in the mode of agriculture and its temporal development depending on the climatic conditions, local soils, the type of plant resources and the diffusion route. However, the relict of the early cultivated fields usually remain ambiguous, which increases the methodological reliance on the environmental archaeology. Principles of geoarchaeological methods to clarify early agricultural techniques such as slash and burn agriculture, manuring, fallow, and soil amendment by agriculture, are introduced. Such environmental and geoarchaological approaches revealed that there were various agricultural techniques in Neolithic across China, Middle East, Central and Northern Europe. This review aims to provide a comparative research dataset to reconstruct the Neolithic agriculture in Korean Peninsular.

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