지질고고학적 분석을 통해 본 신석기시대 주거지와 취락의 공간 이용상 -중근동 지역의 사례를 중심으로-
Review of the Use of Space in Dwellings and Settlements from Geoarchaeological Perspectives: Cases of the Neolithic Middle and Near East
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초록
지질고고학적 분석은 토양 내 물리⋅화학적 성분 분석을 기초로 건물 내 행위를 복원하는데 유용하다. 본고에서는 지질고고학적 방법론을 적용하여 이의 유용성을 입증한 중근동 지역의 신석기시대 내부 공간 이용상과 관련된 연구 사례를 소개하였다. 생활면 구축에서 나타나는 통시적 변화상과 더불어 취락 형태 모델의 유형(가내 및 취락내, 취락 인근, 경관)별로 주요 특징을 정리하였다. 그리하여 (1) 개별 건물의 생활면 층에서 나타나는 기능별로 분화된 공간의 특성(조리 및 가공, 취침 및 휴게, 가축 사육 그리고 의례 행위), (2) 취락 인근의 다양한 활동 공간인 길과 폐기장의 특징과 (3) 취락 주변의 경관을 농경과 목축지의 측면에서 탐색한 시도를 살펴보았다. 한편, 이 같은 연구는 거주와 공간이용 등에 대한 실증적 증거를 제공하는 한편, 이에서 보이는 일련의 물질성이 해당 집단의 문화적 특질의 형성에 어떻게 작용했는지를 다루는 이론적 접근까지도 확장되고 있다. 본고는 향후 한반도의 신석기를 비롯한 선사시대 건물의 특성에 대한 지질고고학적 연구 및 응용을 위한 예비적 고찰의 일환이다. 그리고 한반도 자료를 대상으로 시범적으로 수행된 제주 고산리 유적과 시흥 하중동 유적의 사례를 간략히 소개하며 추후 신석기시대 주거지와 취락의 공간 이용상 연구의 방향성을 가늠해 보았다.
Abstract
Geoarchaeological investigation is useful for reconstructing domestic activities within an architectural structure based on analysis of physical and chemical components in the soil. Addressing research cases of the use of space in the Middle and Near East during the Neolithic times that successfully demonstrated the utility of geoarchaeological methodologies and introducing relevant and representative geoarchaeological works, this paper aims to provide the background research for promoting prospective studies on the use of space in Korean Neolithic culture. This paper summarizes the study cases following the categories of settlement morphology model (individual structures, intrasettlement and surrounding landscapes) along with the temporal changes of living floor construction. This article surveys previous studies on (i) functionally differentiated spaces (e.g., food processing and cooking, resting and sleeping, livestock rearing, ritual practices) within the living floors of structures, (ii) roads and middens that were spaces for various activities in the vicinity of settlements and (iii) landscapes around settlements in terms of agricultural and pastoral fields. Whereas these studies provide empirical evidence of habitation and use of space, they also extend to theoretical approaches that address how the materiality of a group's prehistoric culture has shaped its character. Reviewing previous studies in the Middle and Near Eastern regions, this paper intends to offer analytical frameworks and references to guide geoarchaeological research applications to the future Korean Neolithic studies primarily through presenting the two notable pilot studies from Gosanri and Hajungdong that have exhibited the methodological potentials.
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