미래의 하얼빈사
The Future of Harbin's Past
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초록
적어도 지난 400년 동안, 만주는 투쟁의 공간이었다. 漢族과 만주족, 청과 러시아의 갈등이 있었고, 중국은 러시아를 비롯한 유럽 여러 열강과 이곳에서 충돌하였다. 조약을 체결하였다. 유럽의 여러 열강과 일본은 자원이풍부하면서도 인구가 희박하게 분포되어 있는 이 지역에 대한 권리를 요구하였다. 이에 만주에 대한 이권 투쟁이 전개되었는데, 이는 1890년대 하얼빈을 중심으로 한 중국동부철도가 건설되며 절정에 달했다. 한편 하얼빈은공식적으로는 중국과 러시아가 공동으로 관리하는 행정구역이었지만, 1917 년 러시아 혁명이전까지 러시아가 지배하고 발전시킨 도시이기도 했다. 그렇기 때문에 이 시기 러시아의 유산이 적지 않다. 하얼빈 20세기 역사는 도시의 정체성과 식민지 유산에 대한 통제로 인해 발생한 몸부림이기도 했다. 이 논문은 이러한 하얼빈의 정체성에 대한 논쟁이 21세기 초에도 계속 진행되고 있다고 주장하고자 마련되었다. 다만 이전까지 중국의 중앙 · 지방 정부는 하얼빈 식민지의 역사를 부정하고 제거하고자 했지만, 이제는 그러한과거를 하얼빈의 경제발전을 위한 포석으로 사용하고자 한다는 점에서 차이가 있다. 1990년대의 새로운 추세를 기반으로 하얼빈의 관료들은 세계의문화적 · 경제적 분야에서 경쟁력을 얻기 위한 도구로 하얼빈의 비중국적인과거를 재조명하고 있다.
Abstract
Manchuria has been for at least 400 years a contested land. In the 17th century, it was a zone of contact between Han Chinese and Manchus, who eventually moved south and conquered all of China, and between the Manchus’ Qing dynasty and the expanding Russian empire. The first treaties between a Chinese and a European state were concluded in the region, establishing the Sino‐Russian border. Two hundred years later, China, Russia, and Japan competed to claim this resource‐rich, sparsely populated region. Russian influence and interest in the region reached a peak in the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway, centered on the virtual colony of Harbin, founded in the 1890s. Although technically a joint administration of the Chinese and Russian states, Harbin existed in its first two decades―until the Bolshevik revolution of 1917―was ruled and developed by Russians, and the legacy of that era remains. Much of Harbin’s 20th‐century history revolved around struggles over the city’s identity, and also struggles for control of the city’s colonial legacy. This paper suggests that the competition over Harbin’s identity continues to evolve in the early 21st century. After many decades of denying and dismissing Harbin’s colonial past, local, regional, and national Chinese governments are now exploiting that past as an asset for the city’s economic development. Building on trends that first emerged in the 1990s, Harbin’s Chinese rulers are now turning to the city’s non‐Chinese past as a means of competing in a global cultural and economic environment.
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