훈춘, 청과 조선의 변경

Abstract

This paper explores the history of Hunchun, a remote corner of the Manchurian frontier where the Jurchen-cum-Manchus shared with their Chinese and Korean neighbors. Constant movements, warfare, and trade that took place around Hunchun show that the history of this frontier location cannot be explained in such conventional perspectives as lineal, territory-based, and nation-state centered accounts. During the late fourteenth to early fifteenth centuries, a variety of Jurchen tribal groups, such as Odori, Uriyangkad, and Udike, lived together near Hunchun. It was also the place where the early, ambitious Chosǒn state sought to reach and incorporate into the Korean realm. By the late sixteenth to early seventeenth centuries, the early Manchu leaders, Nurhaci and Hong Taiji, continued to dispatch military forces to the Hunchun region in order to mobilize manpower of tribal groups and strengthen the young Aisin Gurun’s banner system. After the military subjugation of Korea, the Qing and Chosǒn relations were resettled on the ground of the tributary hierarchy, a political setting that led to the development of regular commercial exchanges in the form of frontier market in Hunchun. In 1714 when a regiment colonel (xieling) was appointed in Hunchun, the Qing rule in the northeastern corner was further consolidated. By the late nineteenth century, the Qing government decided to lift the restriction on entry into Manchuria for the purpose of defending its northeastern boundary from increasing threats from Russia, an action that eventually brought a massive wave of Han Chinese immigration in the Hunchun area. At the same period, Chosǒn immigrants also began to cross the Tumen River and settled in this frontier region, and this Korean diaspora led to the formation of Korean Chinese (Chaoxianzu). Hunchun provides an interesting case to demonstrate the ways in which China and Korea have entangled in their frontiers throughout their long history.