高麗와 吳越(宋)의 불교 교섭 ― 보운(寶雲) 의통(義通)을 중심으로 ―

Abstract

This study is on the seeking of truth and the propagandism of Bao-yun Yi-tong(寶雲 義通, 927~988) from Koryeo dynasty, who was the representative scholar on the Lotus and Tiantai school. He became a Buddhist monk in his teen ages, and entered into Wu-yue, China at the age of 21. He had practiced the Southern Seon(Zen) and achieved the sudden enlightenment under the teaching of De-shao(德韶, 891~972), the disciple of Wen-yi(文益, 885~958). At the age of 37, he strived to study on the Tiantai while he interacted with Yi-ji(螺溪 義寂, 891~972). Later, he tried to revive the Tiantai Order through theoretical reorganization in connection with the Hua-yan and Seon(Zen) which were the two powerful ideal axes in Wu-yue and Song dynasty. And the national support of Wu-yue and Song to Buddhism became the catalyst of the revival of the Tiantai Order. In those days, the Tiantai Order divided into two schools, the main stream[山家] and the outsider[山外] in the process of considering and succeeding the thought of Chan-jan(湛然) who tried to harmonize with Tiantai and Hua-yan. Yi-tong as the leader of the main stream of Tiantai Order figured out the typical theory of Tiantai based on the theory of evil-nature[性惡說] of Chi-i and the theory of all-included nature[性具說] of Chan-jan, during the conflict of the two schools of Tiantai. After Yi-tong, the thoughts of the main stream of Tiantai Order was synthesized by Chih-li(知禮). If we examine his works and those prefaces, we can find that he succeeded and supplemented the Yi-tong's thoughts. The two schools of Tiantai had much contributed in the development of the Tiantai study in spite of the ideal conflicts. In the main stream of Tiantai, they put the view of human and the world on the theory of the absolute fundamental reality[實相論]. But in the outside school of Tiantai, they supported the theory of the only mind[唯心論] founded on the rule of cause and effect[緣起論]. Among the two schools, Yi-tong became the 16th(or 13th) Great venerable of the Tiantai Order in China and revitalized the Chinese Tiantai Order. And he also partly affected the beginning of the Tiantai Order in Koryeo dynasty. In his later years, Yi-tong gave the popular teaching which led the people to the Pure-land. He told that the pure-land which we could reach by the sincere meditation on Buddha was nothing but the homeland. He showed the way to the pure-land to the people who felt difficult from the sudden awakening of the Southern Seon(Zen) Order and the complete and immediate way of the Tiantai Order. His 'homeland teaching' might resound around Si-ming(四明) in those days. Yi-tong was the only one who had become the Great venerable of Chinese Buddhist Order as a Korean, even though Xuan-guang(玄光, the end of 6C) from Bekjae dynasty belonged to the 28 venerables of the Chinese Tiantai Order and Wu-xiang(無相, 684~762) from Shilla dynasty was on 455th Arhat among the 500 Arhats in China. Therefore Yi-tong was the principal leader who revived and supported the Tiantai Order among the other orders like the Hua-yan, the Seon and the Pureland since the Song dynasty.