형사절차에 있어 성격증거의 편향성과 증명력 - 미국 증거법의 논의에 대한 분석을 중심으로 -
Unfair Prejudice and Probative Value of Character Evidence in Criminal Process - Based on Analyses of American Evidence Law -
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형사절차에서 성격증거는 매우 조심스럽게 사용되지 않으면 위험한 요인이 될 수 있다. 성격증거는 우리 국회에 제출된 성폭력 피해자 성적 이력 제출 금지 법안이 예상하고 있는 것보다 더 넓은 범위에서 문제가 될 수 있다. 미국 연방법원들은 대체로 성폭력 범죄 특칙인 연방증거규칙 제412조와 제413조 규정은 법관의 재량에 관한 일반적인 원칙인 제403조 규정과 결합하여 사용해야 한다고 보고 있다. 미국 연방대법원의 올든 판결은 헌법상의 대면권 조항에 근거하여 증인의 신빙성을 탄핵하기 위하여 관련성이 깊은 과거 피해자의 성적이력을 활용할 수 있도록 한 것은 곧 연방증거규칙 제403조의 언어이다. 이와 관련하여 성격심리학의 주류인 상호작용설에서 행위의 예측력을 높이기 위해 제시하는 과거 이력의 특정성(specificity)과 유사성(similarity), 횟수(numerosity), 시간적 근접성(temporal proximity)과 같은 개념들은 성격증거의 관련성 판단을 위한 법적인 기준으로 사용되어도 손색이 없어 보인다. 나아가, 미국 증거법에서는 탄핵증거로 성격증거를 사용하는 폭이 넓은데 이는 비판의 대상이라는 사실을 유의할 필요가 있다. 신뢰성과 관련없는 전과나 과거 비행을 탄핵증거로 사용할 수 있다고 보는 접근법은 우리가 굳이 참조할 필요가 없어 보인다. 이뿐만 아니라, 행위자의 의사를 입증하기 위하여 성격증거가 사용될 수 있다고 한 부분은 매우 조심스럽게 접근해야 할 필요가 있다고 생각된다. 왜냐하면, 행위자의 의사는 구성요건 중 가장 중요한 부분으로 성격증거 배제 법리가 가장 긴밀하게 관련되어 있는 부분이기 때문이다. 이 경우에도 특정성과 유사성과 같은 요건이 엄격하게 충족되는 한도 내에서 증거능력을 인정할 필요가 있다.
Abstract
Character evidence must be prejudicial to participants of criminal process when it is dealt with very cautiously. In fact, character evidence will be problematic to the broader extent that the bill of rape shield law looks for its’ effect. Generally, the U.S. federal courts deals with the Article 412, 413 of the Federal Rule of Evidence deeply in relation with the Article 403 of the Rule. The decision of the U.S. Supreme Court, Olden v. Kentucky, in which the defendant’s case about the victim’s past record of sexual behavior was admitted to impeach the victim’s case, reflects the language of the Article 403 of the Federal Rule of Evidence. The requirements of specificity, similarity, numerosity, temporal proximity that is used to improve predictability and probative value look valuable to determine relevancy of an character evidence. Moreover, the fact that a past record of a crime of a witness in American evidence law can be admitted should be cautiously considered. Our criminal justice system does not have to consult the American approach that criminal records or wrong behaviors that are not related to credibility are still admissible for the purpose of impeachment. In addition, it is necessary to carefully examine and consider the rule that allows courts to admit a character evidence to prove intent, knowledge, and lack of mistake. It is because a intent of a criminal as the most important component of a criminal act is seriously related to the exclusionary rule of character evidence. Also, the requirements of specificity and similarity ought to be strictly satisfied to get admissibility of that type of character evidence.
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