Making Urban Areas More Livable and Sustainable
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This paper theoretically explores the features of sustainable cities in terms of (1) global and local sustainability, (2) environmental and resource problems of urban areas, and (3) how to make urban areas more livable and sustainable. The discussion of urban problems has been moving away from discussing ‘what should be done’ to discussing what kind of ‘governance’ structure is needed to allow effective decisions to be made about what has to be done. The discussion of governance is much broader than the roles and responsibilities of governments as ‘governance’ includes the contribution of community and voluntary organizations and other social groups and their relations with ‘government.’ An important part of this move from ‘government’ to ‘governance’ has been the greater appreciation of the role of individuals and households and of community and voluntary organizations in building and managing each city. There is an increasing recognition of the importance of what is often termed the ‘social economy.’ The social economy is a term given to a great variety of initiatives and actions that are organized and controlled locally and that are not profit-oriented.
Abstract
This paper theoretically explores the features of sustainable cities in terms of (1) global and local sustainability, (2) environmental and resource problems of urban areas, and (3) how to make urban areas more livable and sustainable. The discussion of urban problems has been moving away from discussing ‘what should be done’ to discussing what kind of ‘governance’ structure is needed to allow effective decisions to be made about what has to be done. The discussion of governance is much broader than the roles and responsibilities of governments as ‘governance’ includes the contribution of community and voluntary organizations and other social groups and their relations with ‘government.’ An important part of this move from ‘government’ to ‘governance’ has been the greater appreciation of the role of individuals and households and of community and voluntary organizations in building and managing each city. There is an increasing recognition of the importance of what is often termed the ‘social economy.’ The social economy is a term given to a great variety of initiatives and actions that are organized and controlled locally and that are not profit-oriented.
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