최고경영자에 대한 감사지 역할의 변화: 아시아 금융위기를 전후로 한 비교
The change in the role of monitors on CEO turnover after asian financial crisis: Evidence from korea
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본 연구는 1997-1998년 아시아 금융위기를 전후로 경영성과에 대한 최고경영자교체의 민감성을 분석하여, 최고경영자에 대한 감시자 역할의 변화가 있었는지 살펴보았다. 1993년부터 2002년 사이에 증권거래소에 상장되어 있는 비금융기업을 표본으로 하여, 본 연구는 아시아 금융위기 후 대규모기업집단(재벌)과 기관투자자의 최고경영자에 대한 감시역할이 향상되었는지 검증하였다. 연구 결과, 금융위기 전에는 경영성과가 좋지 않은 최고경영자의 교체 확률이 대규모기업집단 소속 여부 및 기관투자자 지분과 유의적인 관계를 보이지 않았다. 그러나, 금융위기 이후에는 재벌소속기업의 경영성과에 따른 최고경영자교체 민감도가 비재벌소속 기업보다 높았다. 또한, 외국인투자자 지분이 높을수록 경영성과와 연동된 최고경영자교체 확률이 높음을 발견하였다. 이 결과는 재벌의 헤드쿼터(headquarter)와 외국인투자자의 최고경영자에 대한 감시역할이 금융위기 이후 향상되었음을 의미한다. 그러나, 국내기관투자자지분과 경영성과에 따른 최고경영자교체 민감도 사이에는 금융위기 전 기간과 이후 기간 모두에서 유의한 관계가 관찰되지 않았다. 이는 금융위기 이후에도 국내기관투자자는 최고경영자에 대한 감시역할을 수행하고 있지 않다고 해석할 수 있다. 본 연구의 결과는 이머징마켓 국가에서 대규모기업집단의 헤드쿼터와 외국인투자자가 최고경영자에 대한 감시역할을 수행하는 기업지배구조의 중요한 주체가 될 수 있음을 의미한다.
Abstract
In this paper, we examine the change in the effectiveness of corporate governance structures in Korea after Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998 by estimating the link between CEO turnover and firm performance. Using the sample of firms listed in the Korea Stock Exchange between 1993 and 2002, we test whether business group (chaebol) headquarters and institutional investors have enhanced its role of monitoring CEO after the Asian financial crisis. Our findings indicate that, before the Asian financial crisis, the likelihood of replacing poorly performing CEO is not related to business group affiliation and institutional ownership. However, after the Asian financial crisis, we find that the CEO turnover sensitivity to performance of chaebol firms is higher than that of stand-alone firms. We also find that the CEO turnover sensitivity to performance increases with the foreign ownership. These findings indicate that the effectiveness of monitoring CEO by chaebol headquarters and foreign investors has improved after the economic shock in 1997-1998. However, we cannot observe any relation between domestic institutional ownership and the CEO turnover sensitivity to performance, which suggests that domestic institutional investor is not an active monitor of CEO. Our results suggest that, in emerging markets, business group and foreign investors can play an important corporate governance role in monitoring CEO.
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