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상징적 경영(Symbolic Management): 제도환경과 지배구조, 경영전략의 경계에서

Symbolic Management: At the Boundaries of Institutional Environment, Governance and Strategy

박선현
한국전략경영학회 (Korean Strategic Management Society)|2020.12|전략경영연구 (Journal of Strategic Management)|제23권 제3호|pp. 117-142|DOI 10.17786/jsm.2020.23.3.005

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참고문헌

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기업지배구조경영전략Institutions제도론상징적 경영Symbolic ManagementGovernance and Strategy
주제분류경영학

초록

왜 기업 이해관계자들이 공유하는 사회문화적 규범과 제도는 종종 기업의 실제 활동과 일치하지 않으며, 제도는 그 목적을 달성하지 못하는가? 기존연구는 기업이 제도적 규제를 받아들이지만 실행하지 않음으로써 정당성을 수동적으로 확보하는 제도와 실행의 분리(decoupling), 경영활동의 사회적 합의과정에 보다 능동적으로 개입하는 인상관리(impression management), 이해관계자들에게 직접적으로 사회적, 심리적 압력을 가하는 사회적 영향력 행사(social influence tactics) 등의 현상을 그 해답으로 검토하였다. 본 논문은 기업이해관계자들이 공유하는 사회문화적 규범과 제도의 형성에 기업구성원들이 적극적으로 대응하고자 하는 일련의 활동을 상징적 경영(symbolic management)으로 정의하고, 그 일반적 메커니즘을 하나의 이론으로 검토한다. 첫째, 논문은 제도론과 조직사회학의 배경이론을 바탕으로 상징적 경영의 대상이 되는 상징영역을 기업 외부 조직역에서의 제도논리와 기업 내부 조직에서의 문화, 규범으로 상정하고 어떤 행위자들이 자신들의 정치적 이해관계와 비공식적 상호작용을 통해서 이를 형성하는가를 살핀다. 둘째, 논문은 제도논리의 다원성, 기업과 경영자들의 자율성, 이해관계자들의 회유가능성 등을 바탕으로 기업이 어떻게 제도와 실행의 분리, 인상관리, 사회적 영향력 행사 등의 다양한 상징적 경영전략을 다면적으로 사용하는지를 검토한다. 마지막으로 논문은 상징적 경영의 역사적, 상황적 개연성을 강조하고, 국내의 기업지배구조와 관련한 제도논리의 기원과 발전, 이러한 제도논리가 한국 기업 내의 규범과 문화, 그리고 비공식적 사회관계를 거쳐 경영전략으로 실현되는 방식, 한국기업의 상징적 경영이 규제기관과 기업경영 성과에 미치는 함의 등을 향후 연구과제로 도출한다.

Abstract

Why do we observe a persistent separation between institutional environment and actual activities of a firm? Why do the institutions, as a collection of agreements among the stakeholders of the firm, often fails to achieve their objectives regarding firm behavior? Prior studies provide multiple answers to these questions by observing how a firm engages in different tactics of decoupling, impression management, and social influence tactics against institutional pressure. This paper defines symbolic management as a set of activities where corporate actors engage to exert influence over the perceptions and behaviors of corporate stakeholders, which forms the basis of the institutional environment. The paper further provides a consolidating mechanism underlying the different tactics of symbolic management. The paper first examines the symbolic arena outside and within a firm, where institutional logics and organizational culture and norms are defined by different actors. The plurality of institutions, autonomy of corporate actors, and possibility of cooptation are presented as the key determinants predicting the use of different symbolic management tactics. Finally, the paper derives topics for future studies in Korean context, by emphasizing the historical and situational contingency of symbolic management. They include 1) the genesis and evolution of institutional logics of Korean management, 2) how it translates into the internal corporate culture and norm of Korean companies, and their strategic decision making, and 3) the consequences on their long-term performance.

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